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1.
集中水流下土石混合崩积体坡面侵蚀水动力特征试验研究 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
为了探究土石混合崩积体坡面侵蚀的水动力学机理,采用室内放水冲刷试验,研究了不同流量(2,4,8,16L/min)和坡度(10°,20°,30°,40°)条件下4种土石混合崩积体(0,20%,40%,60%砾石质量百分数)坡面侵蚀的水动力学特征。结果表明:(1)在小坡度和小流量条件下,侵蚀率随砾石含量的增大而减小;当流量或者坡度增大时,侵蚀率随砾石含量的增加呈先减小后增大的规律;各土石混合物侵蚀率均能用坡度和流量的二元幂函数来表达。(2)水流剪切力、水流功率和单位水流功率与侵蚀率均呈线性函数关系,其中水流功率和水流剪切力可优先作为模拟土石混合崩积体坡面侵蚀的水动力学参数。(3)可蚀性参数及临界侵蚀动力随着砾石含量的增加而增加。研究结果可为进一步深化认识崩积体侵蚀机理提供参考。 相似文献
2.
土石混合崩积体坡面细沟跌坑发育试验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了探究土石混合崩积体坡面细沟跌坑发育情况,采用室内放水冲刷试验,通过设置4个流量(2,4,8,12 L/min)和4种砾石含量的土石混合崩积物(砾石质量比例0,10%,30%,50%),研究不同条件下细沟跌坑的发育特征。结果表明:在不同冲刷时段,跌坑数量变化为3～17个,跌坑平均深度为1.10～5.93 cm,细沟纵断面形态系数为2.97～19.97。各跌坑参数随冲刷时间的延长总体呈增大趋势,部分坡面在5 min或7.5 min时出现最大值;跌坑参数随流量的增加总体呈先增大后减小趋势,8 L/min流量条件下出现最大值,而随着砾石含量增加总体呈增大趋势;流量对跌坑发育的影响大于砾石含量。各跌坑参数与流速、阻力系数及曼宁粗度系数密切相关,径流剪切力是描述跌坑发育的最适合水动力学指标,可用线性函数表达。 相似文献
3.
紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
采用野外放水冲刷试验法研究紫色丘陵区不同弃土弃渣下垫面产流产沙规律。结果表明:(1)不同下垫面条件的产流量、产沙量均随放水流量增大而增大;放水流量为5,10,15,20,25L/min时,产流量随时间推移均呈先增加后趋于平稳的变化,产沙量呈先增加后减小的变化,二者均存在波动现象,而产沙过程波动更为剧烈,呈现出多峰多谷特点。(2)土石比对产流量、产沙量的影响随放水流量增大而增强;相同条件下坡度越大,则产流量越大,产沙量亦越大;放水流量从5L/min增加到25L/min时,土质下垫面平均径流率、平均产沙率增加量均达到最大,而土石混合质下垫面增加量最小。(3)在产流量、产沙量与放水流量的经验方程中,25°土质下垫面产流量、产沙量增长率最大,分别为51.883,18.770,而35°土石混合质的增长率最小,分别为7.270,2.325。 相似文献
4.
不同宽度冲刷槽对崩岗崩积体产流产沙的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了解不同宽度冲刷槽对坡面冲刷侵蚀过程中产流产沙的影响,该研究以崩岗崩积体为对象,通过不同冲刷槽宽度(10、20、30、40、50 cm)和不同单宽流量(1.2×10-2、2.4×10-2、3.6×10-2、4.8×10-2 m2/min)相结合的室内模拟冲刷试验,研究不同宽度冲刷槽对崩积体产流产沙的影响。结果表明:1)单宽流量为1.2×10-2,2.4×10-2,3.6×10-2 m2/min时,不同冲刷槽宽度之间径流率、产沙率存在显著差异(P0.05);单宽流量为4.8×10-2 m2/min时,不同冲刷槽宽度之间径流率、产沙率差异不显著。2)单宽流量一定,不同冲刷槽宽度下径流率随时间变化趋势相同;单宽流量为1.2×10-2 m2/min时,不同冲刷槽宽度条件下产沙率和含沙量随时间变化趋势不同,其他单宽流量下产沙率和含沙量随时间变化趋势相同。3)单宽流量相同,不同冲刷槽宽度下累积径流量差异不显著;单宽流量为1.2×10-2,2.4×10-2,3.6×10-2 m2/min条件下,不同冲刷槽宽度下累积产沙量和平均含沙量差异显著(P0.05)。该研究揭示了冲刷槽宽度对崩积体产流产沙的影响,为今后试验冲刷槽宽度的选择提供参考。 相似文献
5.
人工模拟降雨下汶川震区滑坡堆积体产沙规律 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为明确震区滑坡堆积体坡面产沙的特点,该文采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,对不同土石比(质量比为1:1、1:2、1:4)的滑坡堆积体侵蚀产沙规律进行研究。结果表明,同一土石比不同降雨强度与同一雨强不同土石比条件下,震区滑坡堆积体产沙随时间的变化形式,为波动型和平缓型。土石比和雨强对滑坡堆积体径流含沙量有显著影响,即当滑坡堆积体土石比为1:1时,稳定产沙率随着雨强增大而增大,即2.80 g/min(1.0 mm/min)7.76 g/min(1.5 mm/min)10.84 g/min(2.0 mm/min);在土石比为1:2雨强1.0 mm/min时没有产流产沙,1.5 mm/min雨强条件下的产沙率小于雨强2.0 mm/min的产沙率;土石比为1:4的滑坡堆积体在整个试验过程中没有产流产沙。土石比与平均产沙率、累积产沙量的偏相关系数相比于雨强更大,累积径流量和累积产沙量为极显著线性关系。研究为汶川震区滑坡堆积体的水土流失预测和治理提供理论依据。 相似文献
6.
为了探究崩岗崩积体长时间序列的侵蚀变化,在崩积体典型坡度(30°)及研究区强降雨(3.33mm/min)条件下,进行了持续20场次降雨的崩积体侵蚀过程模拟试验。结果表明,在本试验条件下降雨溅蚀和径流冲刷对崩积体产沙的平均贡献率分别为47.6%和52.4%,在崩积体侵蚀过程中,其产沙量呈幂函数减小;弗劳德数、径流功率、达西-韦斯巴赫阻力系数与崩积体产沙量具有较好的相关关系,在沙源充足时,其参数可用于定量描述坡面径流产沙效能;崩积体侵蚀过程可分为4个阶段:(1)含沙量为0.099kg/L,以片蚀为主,坡面未见粗化;(2)含沙量为0.052~0.101kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化不明显;(3)含沙量为0.011~0.064kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化显现;(4)含沙量为0.008~0.036kg/L,无明显的主导侵蚀方式,坡面持续粗化。降雨及其径流对崩积体的分选性搬运,致使崩积体坡面粗化,而崩积体坡面粗化,反过来又使得降雨及其径流产沙效能降低。 相似文献
7.
土石混合崩积体坡面细沟径流流速试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探究土石混合崩积体坡面细沟流速的变化特征,设置不同的流量(2,4,8,12 L/min)和砾石质量含量(0,10%,30%,50%),采用径流冲刷试验,分析崩积体坡面细沟径流流速的变化过程,研究流速对流量和砾石含量的响应。结果表明:流速在初始阶段(前5 min)减小幅度较大,随着冲刷进行,流速变化趋于平缓,二者呈幂函数关系,纯土坡面的流速衰减趋势大于含砾石的坡面;流速随着流量的增加呈幂函数增加,而随着砾石含量的增加呈对数函数递减;流量与砾石含量对流速的影响均达到显著水平,且流量的作用大于砾石含量,可用流量和砾石含量的二元对数表达流速(NSE=0.78)。研究结果深化了对崩积体坡面细沟侵蚀水动力过程的认识。 相似文献
8.
坡度对浅沟侵蚀产沙的野外放水冲刷试验影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了研究坡度对坡面浅沟侵蚀产沙的影响,以黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面浅沟为研究对象,选取野外实地坡面14.0°,18.5°,26.0°,29.0°坡度和5,10,15,20,25L/min放水流量进行典型野外坡面浅沟径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究坡度对浅沟径流率、产沙率、含沙量、总径流量、总产沙量的影响。结果表明:5,10,15,20,25L/min不同放水流量下,坡度与径流率、总径流量成正相关,既随着坡度增大径流率、总径流量增大;5,10,15,20,25L/min不同放水流量和14.0°,18.5°,26.0°,29.0°坡度下产沙率、含沙量和总产沙量随时间变化的规律一致,表现为试验时间内,均出现先增大—到达最大—波动减小—稳定趋势;产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量与坡度的关系表现为产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量随着坡度的增大先增大,达到最大值后减小,最大值出现在26.0°,26.0°的产沙率、含沙量和总产沙量分别为14.0°的1.06~2.87,1.31~2.21,1.08~2.77倍,产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量均存在临界坡度,临界坡度范围为18.5°~29.0°。 相似文献
9.
工程堆积体坡面产流产沙特性的现场试验 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
通过不同流量(35,45,55L/min)、不同坡度(24°,28°,32°)的野外放水冲刷试验,对工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的时空变化特性进行了研究。结果表明,径流强度与放水强度、产沙率密切相关,三者之间呈多元线性相关;坡面径流强度随冲刷时间呈波动式增大趋势;平均含沙量和产沙比均随坡度增大呈先增后减的趋势,峰值出现在坡度为28°时;径流强度和产沙率在冲刷时间为10min时出现第一个峰值;坡面产沙过程呈现产沙率剧增、波动和稳定发展3个阶段;累计产沙量与累计径流量呈线性关系。试验结果可为工程堆积体坡面水土流失预报模型的构建提供验证数据。 相似文献
10.
非硬化路面侵蚀产沙规律野外模拟试验 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了科学治理非硬化路面水土流失,采用野外放水冲刷试验,对非硬化路面侵蚀产沙规律进行了试验研究。结果表明,同一坡度不同放水流量与同一放水流量不同坡度条件下,非硬化路面产沙随时间的变化形式均有3种,分别为平缓型、多峰型和单峰型。对同一路面不同观测断面的产沙量分析发现,产沙量沿坡面的空间变化形式分别为波动式减小、逐渐式减小和先增大后减小。、得出平均含沙量与放水流量呈对数相关,产沙率与放水流量、平均含沙量与坡度、产沙率与坡度均呈直线相关。以期为非硬化路面的水土流失预测和治理提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
12.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
13.
The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
14.
15.
土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
16.
基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。 相似文献
17.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献
18.
Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
19.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
20.
植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献