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1.
哈茨木霉和黑曲霉粗酶液预处理改善秸秆产甲烷性能 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
为提高玉米秸秆甲烷产率,该文研究了酶对玉米秸秆预处理后厌氧发酵的指标性质和对微生物的冲击。研究发现,哈茨木霉粗酶液(酶T)和黑曲霉粗酶液(酶A)预处理后,发酵体系中初始挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)显著增加,主要体现在乙酸的积累。发酵1 d后,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的碱度/VFA比值及可溶性化学需氧量/VFA(s COD/VFA)比值较CK组显著增加,该变化主要体现在VFA的大量减少。发酵20 d,酶T处理组和酶A处理组的累积产甲烷量分别比CK组提高了7.79%和10.06%。厌氧发酵24 h,酶T处理组中9个属的细菌丰度显著高于CK组,其中Clostridium,vadin BC27,Ruminofilibacter与纤维素的降解有关。发酵系统中古菌主要为Methanosaeta,Bathyarchaeota,Methanosarcina,Methanobacterium等。预处理影响了发酵系统中微生物的菌群结构,对改善发酵条件具有重要的调节作用。该研究为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。 相似文献
2.
保护性措施对农田土壤风蚀影响的室内风洞模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为寻求合理的保护性耕作措施,试验设计了砾石覆盖、秸秆覆盖、覆盖与留茬组合的措施和4个风速等变量,研究风速、覆盖物和覆盖度与风蚀量、抗风蚀效率、风沙流结构的关系,比较多种措施之间的抗风蚀效果优劣.结果表明:1)4个设定风速下30％ ～ 90％覆盖度的秸秆覆盖的抗风蚀效率在54％ ～ 92％之间,砾石覆盖为26％～72％,30％的砾石覆盖或30％的秸秆覆盖与3种留茬高度的组合措施下,平均抗风蚀效率均在70％ ～ 78％之间;2)随着覆盖度的增加,砾石覆盖措施最小可抑制的有效风速值从8.0 m/s逐渐增大到12.5 m/s,秸秆覆盖措施从10.1m/s增加到了14.3 m/s;3)覆盖处理下0～62 cm高度内的输沙量大部分集中在0～26 cm;4)覆盖与留茬组合措施的输沙量多集中在60 cm以内. 相似文献
3.
该研究设计的立式连续干发酵装置的几点特色包括搅拌升温调节罐、多点分布式进料、立式连续干发酵反应器和熟料回流混合过程,形成一种高固体浓度有机废弃物制取生物燃气的工艺方法及其发酵系统,可实现沼气工程的快速启动、厌氧发酵罐内无需搅拌、且节能,节水,减少沼液沼渣的排放量,保护环境,降低成本。采用上述设计的反应器进行发酵试验,研究熟料回流对产气特性的影响得出,应用回流的各组挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFA)都有所降低,且回流比为1:7的VFA含量最低,氨氮没有累积,C/N接近25,产气效果最好。回流比1:9组,VFA含量累积最高,同时出现氨氮抑制产气的现象,所以得出熟料回流量过多,厌氧发酵系统就会受到抑制,且熟料回流对沼气中甲烷含量没有显著影响。 相似文献
4.
宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体特征及腐殖质分布的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,研究宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体大小、分布和稳定性的影响,并对土壤团聚体中腐殖质的分布加以研究.结果表明,干筛法测定得到的R0.25在53.2％～71.3％之间,MWD在1.98～2.59之间,GMD在0.96～1.14之间,分形维数在2.70～2.83之间;湿筛法测定的R0.25、MWD、GMD均为天然草地最大,25年柠条、15年柠条次之,坡耕地最小.不同植被恢复措施下土壤的腐殖质碳含量在0.53～2.67 g/kg之间变化,1～0.25 mm大小的团聚体腐殖质碳含量相对高于其他粒级团聚体.逐步回归表明,影响团聚体大小分布和水稳性的因素是1～0.25 mm大小的团聚体中腐殖质含量. 相似文献
5.
施钾对花生积累氮素来源和产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用盆栽试验和15N示踪技术,研究了不同施钾量对花生吸收土壤氮、肥料氮、根瘤固氮量及比例和产量的影响.结果表明,不同施钾处理花生氮素均主要积累在籽仁中,但随着施钾量的增大,花生各器官中茎的含氮量增加幅度最大,果壳的含氮量增加幅度最小.适当增施钾肥可以提高各器官含氮量和15N丰度、氮素和15N积累量,促进花生植株对3种氮源的吸收利用,尤其对籽仁生物量(经济产量)的影响最大.吸收土壤氮的比例在38.29％ ～ 45.10％之间,吸收肥料氮的比例在12.37％～13.40％之间,吸收大气氮的比例在42.53％ ～48.31％之间.适量增施钾肥提高了吸收肥料氮和根瘤固氮的比例,降低了吸收土壤氮的比例,提高了肥料氮的利用率,但过量施钾效果降低. 相似文献
6.
为制订科学合理的青藏工程走廊沿线植被恢复策略,掌握沿线土壤的理化特征及其与植被分布的相关关系,本文研究沿线不同植被类型带的土壤典型理化特征,共设置样带27条,测定指标包括有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、pH值、阳离子交换量和碳酸钙质量分数.结果表明,沿线土壤有机质和全氮质量分数,由北至南均表现出逐渐增高的趋势,并与植被类型密切相关,土壤有机质质量分数多在10.0 ～ 40.0 g/kg之间,全氮则多介于0.4 ～2.0 g/kg之间.线性模型拟合结果表明:有机质和全氮呈明显的线性相关;全磷质量分数多在0.3～0.8g/kg之间,由北至南呈“两端高,中间低”变化趋势;全钾质量分数多介于13.0 ～ 30.0 g/kg,由北至南增高趋势明显;土壤pH值则表现为“北高南低”;沿线阳离子交换量多在6.0～24.0emol(+)/kg之间;碳酸钙质量分数呈现“南北迥异”的变化规律,北部样带多在8.0％ ～15.0％之间,南部样带则多只有1.0％ ～3.0％,这与土壤钙积作用密切相关.综上所述,沿线土壤各理化指标表现出不同的变化规律,部分指标与植被类型存在一定的相关性. 相似文献
7.
土壤水分对山杏光合作用日变化过程的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在半干旱黄土丘陵区,应用CIRAS -2型光合作用测定系统,通过测定8个土壤水分梯度下山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)叶片光合生理参数的日变化过程,探讨土壤水分变化对山杏光合作用日变化过程的影响.结果表明:1)山杏光合作用日变化过程和光合午休的原因,随土壤水分的变化而明显不同,当土壤相对含水量(WT)在56.1％～66.1％之同时,山杏没有发生光合作用午休现象,但超出此土壤水分范围会发生不同程度的光合午休现象,当Wr在93.2％ ～77.0％之间时,山杏光合午休的主要原因是气孔因素限制,当Wr在49.3％ ～37.3％之间时,光合午休的主要原因开始由气孔因素向非气孔因素转变,当Wr小于37.3％后,光合午休的主要原因为非气孔因素限制,即叶肉细胞光合能力下降;2)当Wr在49.3％～77.0％之间时,山杏同时具有较高的光合速率和水分利用效率. 相似文献
8.
射流搅拌提高牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气性能 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
现有中温沼气工程的搅拌方式以机械搅拌和沼液回流搅拌为主,存在产气率低、设备难以维护、长期运行不稳定等问题。该研究设计了一种射流搅拌技术,集沼液回流搅拌和沼气搅拌于一体,试验用于牛粪中温厌氧发酵产沼气。通过沼气产率、营养基质消耗、微生物种类和数量的变化等方面分析射流搅拌强化牛粪中温厌氧发酵产气的效果及机理。结果表明:发酵期30 d内,无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌和射流搅拌的总产气量分别为52.34、64.30、61.97和71.22 L;原料产气量分别为0.238、0.292、0.282和0.324 L/g,射流搅拌厌氧反应器的原料产气量比无搅拌、机械搅拌、沼液回流搅拌分别提高了36.1%、22.9%、18.4%;射流搅拌方式中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)降解率最高达到60.8%;在产甲烷高峰期发酵第10天左右,射流搅拌反应器内产甲烷菌最大值达2.0×108个/m L;挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)浓度的降速较其他有搅拌方式快,VFA无积累,不受高浓度VFA的产物反馈抑制或底物抑制。 相似文献
9.
地统计学是研究具有结构和区域双重性质变量空间变异性的一种方法.本文根据《河南省1950年-2000年整编气象资料》提供的有关数据,计算出烟草各生长阶段的太阳总辐射量和光合有效辐射量,并采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,研究了大尺度下河南省烤烟种植区烟草各生长阶段的太阳总辐射的空间变异性和分布特征.统计分析表明,上述各变量在河南省境内均可以较好地拟合为正态分布,满足地统计学所要求的平稳假设条件.河南省境内太阳总辐射变异系数最大的是5月份,为9.93％,最小的是7月份,为3.87％.地统计学分析表明:河南省烟草大田生长期太阳总辐射可以拟合为高斯模型,自相关距离为1997100.00m,并且块金值为18.45％,具有很强的空间相关性.河南省烟草大田生长期太阳总辐射量在2170 ～2258MJ·m-2之间的区域占研究区总面积的23.20％,主要分布在南阳、信阳、洛阳、三门峡及平顶山地区;太阳总辐射量2258～2346MJ·m-2之间的区域占研究区总面积的33.07％,主要分布在驻马店、三门峡、洛阳、平顶山、南阳、信阳及漯河地区;太阳总辐射量2346～2436MJ·m-2之间的区域占研究区总面积的25.65％,主要分布在济源、郑州、漯河、周口、商丘、许昌、开封、安阳、新乡以及焦作等地;太阳总辐射量2346～2522MJ· m-2之间的区域占研究区总面积的16.65％,主要分布在焦作、鹤壁、安阳、新乡、开封、周口、商丘、许昌及濮阳等地. 相似文献
10.
江淮丘陵易旱地区适宜水旱种植比的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对江淮丘陵易旱地区水资源状况、作物种植结构特征与现状分析，从水资源和经济效果角度分析该地区合理水旱种植比。结果表明，该地区水稻种植比例应稳定在45％左右，丰水年宜控制在60％以内，干旱年应在20％～30％之间。这一成果对江淮丘陵易旱区作物种植结构的调整具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献