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1.
科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落保育土壤作用的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
以流动沙丘和不同恢复年限的人工和天然小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,从植被重建前后土壤理化性质变化方面分析了小叶锦鸡儿群落保育土壤的作用.结果表明,6 a生、11 a生和22 a生人工小叶锦鸡儿群落对土壤理化性质均有明显的改善作用,且总体上土壤改良效果与恢复年限成正相关.建立人工植被后,土壤中微沙(0.05～0.1 mm)和黏粒(<0.05 mm)的含量增加,表层(0～10 cm)土壤容重减小,孔隙度和饱和含水率增大,土壤持水能力提高;土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、有效磷和有效钾含量均有不同程度增加,尤以表层增加幅度最大,并且灌丛对养分有明显的富集效应. 相似文献
2.
以流动沙丘和小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,通过对各样地内风速、空气温度、空气相对湿度和地温等指标的观测分析,研究了不同恢复年限的人工植被对小气候的改善效应.结果表明:(1)小叶锦鸡儿群落对近地表风速有很大的阻滞作用,在30 cm高度上,6 a生和11a生小叶锦鸡儿灌木林内的风速比流动沙丘分别降低了71.9和76.0％.(2)小叶锦鸡儿林内夏季白天平均温度明显低于流动沙丘,6a生和11a生小叶锦鸡儿林内日均气温分别比流动沙丘低3.7℃和4.9℃.(3)小叶锦鸡儿群落内空气相对湿度较流动沙丘显著提高.(4)小叶锦鸡儿林内土壤浅层温度日变幅较流动沙丘减小.研究结果对于进一步探讨极端干旱条件下人工植被近地表物质和能量交换具有重要意义. 相似文献
3.
科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落生长季土壤水分动态和蒸散量估算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以流动沙丘和不同恢复年限的人工和天然小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,从土壤水分平衡角度对小叶锦鸡儿群落生长季土壤水分动态和蒸散量进行了研究.结果表明,与天然小叶锦鸡儿群落的土壤含水量相比,人工小叶锦鸡儿群落内土壤含水量较低,且呈现出随植被生长发育年限的增加而不断减少的趋势;从土层垂直方向看,流动沙丘土壤含水量较稳定,6年生和天然小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤含水量大致随深度的增加而逐渐增加,但11年生和22年生小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤含水量基本呈下降趋势,绝大多数土层含水量均低于1.50%,水分状况较差;在生长季,人工植被区绝大部分的降雨都通过蒸散丧失,在时间分布上,各样地蒸散量呈现单峰型曲线模式. 相似文献
4.
以科尔沁沙地为研究区域,测定分析了流动沙丘栽植22a的樟子松林和24a的小叶锦鸡儿灌木林对土壤物理组分有机碳分配的影响。结果表明,(1)流动沙丘造林后土壤粗砂、极细砂和黏粉粒含量增加,细砂含量减少,土壤容重降低。(2)流动沙丘栽植樟子松和小叶锦鸡儿林后,全土有机碳储量分别增加357和514g/m2,增幅为729%和1 050%。(3)流动沙丘、樟子松和小叶锦鸡儿林地土壤轻组质量分别为0.08%,1.24%和1.14%,轻组碳储量分别为9.7,182.5和185.9g/m2,占其全土碳储量的比例依次为20%,45%和33%。(4)土壤有机碳在不同粒级土壤中的分配状况为,流动沙丘:细砂>粗砂>极细砂>黏粉粒;樟子松林地:粗砂>细砂>极细砂>黏粉粒;小叶锦鸡儿林地:粗砂>极细砂>细砂>黏粉粒。(5)流动沙丘造林后,轻组有机碳储量的变化比总有机碳的变化更为明显,粗砂组分中非保护性有机质的增加是引起土壤总有机碳变化的主要原因。 相似文献
5.
科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙区土壤理化性质的变化 总被引：26，自引：3，他引：26
选取科尔沁沙地不同年龄的小叶锦鸡儿固沙林为研究对象,研究了在人工固沙林发育过程中土壤的颗粒组成、容重、孔隙度、持水性、透水性、养分和水分含量以及土壤酶活性等理化性质的变化。结果表明,随着林龄的增长,固沙林内土壤理化性质均得到较好的改善,土壤粘粒含量增加,表层容重变小,孔隙度增大,土壤持水性和渗透性能均有所提高,有机质、速效N、P、K的含量大幅度增加,但土壤水分含量却出现了下降的趋势。同时,随着林龄的增长小叶锦鸡儿固沙林土壤酶活性逐渐提高,20年生的土壤酶活性基本接近于天然群落,表明小叶锦鸡儿是本地区优良的固沙树种。固沙林内结皮层的酶活性总体上不高,但均高于其毗邻下层土壤,其中转化酶活性高出近20倍。 相似文献
6.
农牧交错区小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)人工灌木林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
研究小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)人工灌木林土壤化学计量特征,有助于阐明林下土壤养分分配及限制因素,为人工灌-草生态系统物质平衡和稳定维持提供理论依据。以内蒙古中部农牧交错区天然草地为对照(CK),比较相同林龄不同密度人工小叶锦鸡儿灌木林下0~50 cm土层土壤有机碳、总氮和总磷含量及其化学计量特征。结果表明(1)与天然草地相同,小叶锦鸡儿人工灌木林土壤SOC和TN在0~5 cm出现明显地"表聚性",且随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。(2)该研究区土壤释放P素能力较强且含量相对稳定,但C素和N素含量总体偏低;其间,C/P受控于土壤SOC含量,N/P受控于TN含量,C/N受林分密度影响较小,相对稳定。(3)在土壤养分平衡过程中,该地区低密度林(1200棵hm^-2)各土层C、N、P含量均显著高于中、高密度林,促进了土壤C素和N素的积累与循环,有助于改善土壤环境。 相似文献
7.
鄱阳湖滨流动沙丘不同类型沙障土壤改良效应分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨鄱阳湖滨湖不同类型沙障对流动沙丘土壤的改良效应,设置了玉米秸秆和单叶蔓荆两种不同材料的沙障类型,以裸露沙丘为对照,2年后分析两种类型沙障对流动沙丘土壤含水率和化学性质的影响。结果表明:单叶蔓荆沙障对于0-40 cm土壤含水率的提高具有显著效果,玉米秸秆沙障对于土壤含水率无明显作用效果。两种沙障内0-20 cm表层土壤有机质含量分别是裸露对照的3.62,22.24倍,两种沙障对表土均具有显著的改良效果（p<0.05）,单叶蔓荆沙障的改良效果更好;而在20-60 cm深层次土壤中,有机质含量未表现出显著差异。单叶蔓荆沙障除对土壤全氮无明显作用外,能有效提高全磷、碱解氮和速效磷的含量,分别是裸露对照的3.58,8.14,8.86倍,玉米秸秆沙障对土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量均无明显作用。综上,认为单叶蔓荆沙障是该地区流动沙丘土壤改良效果较理想的沙障材料。 相似文献
8.
通过盆栽试验,并运用多元统计的方法分析矿物类改良剂Arkadolith对风沙土的改良效果以及对小叶锦鸡儿生理特性和生长状况的影响,结果表明:Arkadolith改良剂对风沙土理化性质的改良作用明显,表现为土壤容重、总孔隙度、pH值、EC值、>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质明显改善;促进了小叶锦鸡儿的生长,表现为小叶锦鸡儿的蒸腾速率、高生长和生物量明显优于对照,同时当风沙土中施入10%的Arkadolith改良剂时最有利于小叶锦鸡儿的生长。Arkadolith土壤改良剂作为一种新型矿物改良剂,改良土壤的作用更加长久、高效,并且更加安全、环保,同时更有利于植物生长。 相似文献
9.
沙化草地恢复过程中植被及土壤的变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对已沙化的土地实施保护措施,伴随着绿色植物的恢复,植物群落及土壤质量都会随之得到改善,为了揭示其间的关系,对科尔沁沙地的流动沙丘以及平缓沙地上的植被和土壤进行了调查。在流动沙丘上,首先进行草方格建设,然后播种小叶锦鸡儿,并分别禁牧 １４、１７、１９ ａ,另有一块样地不做任何处理,比较不同情况下的植被和土壤状况。结果表明：保护时间越长,小叶锦鸡儿越繁茂,草本植物群落也越完善。 ０－１ｃｍ表层土壤有机质含量以及速效 Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量都有增加。但是,植被和 １２ ｃｍ以下土层的改善是缓慢的,虽然经过了 １９ ａ的保护,它们仍处于不稳定状态。半干旱地区的土地作为草地进行利用比较安全,如果用作耕地则有沙化的危险。比较 １４ ａ耕作—１ａ适度放牧区（Ａ）、５ ａ耕作—１０ ａ适度放牧区（Ｂ）、以及无耕作—１５ ａ适度放牧区（Ｃ）这３个区的植被、土壤,发现 Ａ区优势种是一年生植物,Ｂ区是根茎类草本植物,Ｃ区是丛生草本植物。从盖度、株高等特性反映出的植被状况也显示Ｃ区＞Ｂ区＞Ａ区,用于多年连续放牧的Ｃ区状况最好。长期用作耕作的 Ａ区、土壤的有机质和速效 Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量都很少,土质瘠薄。放牧 １０ ａ的 Ｂ区,表层土壤有较多有机质和无机养分的 相似文献
10.
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献