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1.
采用蒸汽气化,以松木燃料棒为试验对象,分析气化气及焦油组分变化,研究改性白云石(膨润土为载体,白云石为活性组分,并负载少量褐铁矿)催化性能随温度升高的变化规律。试验表明:750℃时,在改性白云石催化条件下,H_2的体积分数为45.77%±0.23%,相较无催化和白云石催化条件下的富氢作用,气化所需温度下降100℃;富氢程度在较低温度下明显,但随温度升高而消弱;改性白云石不仅促使烃端链上碳碳长链断链,产生氢自由基,进而形成H_2,同时促进芳香环开环反应,脱羧基及脱羟基反应,使得裂解后的焦油更易转化为小分子气体;催化剂中活性中心Fe~(3+)随温度高逐渐减少,使得改性白云石的质量增加在900℃降低至最小值,但相比白云石,改性白云石催化剂在气化前后的色泽和形态变化较轻,反映其表面积碳及机械强度得到优化。项目研究可为生物质蒸汽催化气化及廉价高效改性白云石的应用提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
生物质催化气化是将生物质转换成富氢气体的有效途径。该研究提出了一种由热解反应器、重整反应器和提升管燃烧器三部分构成的解耦三床生物质气化(decoupled triple bed gasification,DTBG)工艺。在实验室规模的DTBG气化反应装置上,以水蒸气为气化剂,以橄榄石为原位焦油裂解催化床料,进行了生物质水蒸气催化气化试验,考察了生物质种类、重整器温度、生物质进料速率对气化效果的影响规律,并且对气化副产物焦油的特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,生物质原料的挥发分对气化产物分布的影响很大,原料挥发分含量越高,气体产率越高,碳转化率越高,气体中的H2和CO体积分数越大、CO2体积分数越低。当重整器温度由750升高到850℃时,气体产率从0.91增加到1.08 m3/kg,焦油质量浓度从19.1降低到7.3 g/m3,同时气体品质大幅度提升。随着生物质进料速率的增加,产气中H2体积分数大幅度增加,CO2体积分数大幅度降低,但是焦油质量浓度基本不变。当重整器温度为800℃,白松木屑进料速率为220 g/h时,H2和CO体积分数分别达到了42.2%和14.6%,产气中焦油质量浓度为10.1 g/m3。气化焦油的主要成分为多环芳烃,其中萘含量最高。当重整器温度从700℃升高到850℃时,焦油中单环化合物几乎全部分解,3~4环多环芳烃化合物逐步降低,萘的相对含量从54.7%升高到75.6%。该研究结果可为大规模气化装置的设计、运行以及优化提供理论指导。  相似文献   

3.
高温蒸汽松木颗粒富氢气化试验   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
采用自制下吸式气化炉试验系统平台,以松木颗粒为原料,进行不同蒸汽流量及气化温度条件下的高温蒸汽气化试验。试验表明:随着气化温度升高,气化反应程度加剧,碳氢化合物与高温蒸汽的重整反应亦更剧烈。气化气中H2体积分数从气化温度为700℃时的23.38%升高到950℃时的44.79%,提高了近一倍,但由于CO和蒸汽的变换反应在900℃后受到抑制,H2体积分数略微下降,CO随温度升高先减少后增加,CO2呈缓慢减少趋势;蒸汽流量是高温蒸汽气化技术重要影响指标,在气化温度为850~950℃范围内,蒸汽流量由0.3增加到0.9 kg/h时,气化气中H2体积分数由37.06%增长到47.67%,CO变化较为稳定,CO2的含量先降低后上升,CnHm的体积分数呈下降趋势,气化气产率和氢气产率均随蒸汽流量的增加先增大后减小;特别是当蒸汽流量为0.6 kg/h,气化温度为900℃时,气化气产率和氢气产率分别为2.69 m3/kg和101.8 g/kg,达到试验工况条件下的最大值,此时反应加入的蒸汽量与生物质量的比值约为0.95,为试验较佳工况。  相似文献   

4.
生物质气化技术是将低品位的生物质能转换成高品位能源的有效途径。该文以稻壳和麦秸半焦为试验对象,进行了低温下生物质半焦的水蒸气气化试验,研究了浸渍法制备的碱金属催化剂和气化温度对生物质半焦气化行为的影响。结果显示,对于稻壳半焦气化而言,相同负载量的K基催化剂的催化效果明显优于Na基催化剂,相比非催化时稻壳半焦的碳转化率分别提高了18.2%和13.5%,差异明显。增加K2CO3负载量有利于半焦气化反应的进行,但负载量不宜超过30%。不同的煅烧温度,催化剂的活性组分存在形式有较大差别,负载量为30%的K基催化剂在800℃煅烧后具有最佳的催化效果。相同条件下,麦秸半焦的气体产率和碳转化率均较高,在700℃下添加该催化剂时分别达到130.0mol/kg和95.9%,相比非催化时分别提高了57.0%和34.1%。随着温度的降低,气体产率和碳转化率均明显下降,该文催化条件下的半焦气化温度不宜低于700℃。研究结果可为生物质低温气化高效催化剂的选择提供理论依据。  相似文献   

5.
生物质气化技术是将低品位的生物质能转换成高品位能源的有效途径。该文以稻壳和麦秸半焦为试验对象,进行了低温下生物质半焦的水蒸气气化试验,研究了浸渍法制备的碱金属催化剂和气化温度对生物质半焦气化行为的影响。结果显示,对于稻壳半焦气化而言,相同负载量的K基催化剂的催化效果明显优于Na基催化剂,相比非催化时稻壳半焦的碳转化率分别提高了18.2%和13.5%,差异明显。增加K2CO3负载量有利于半焦气化反应的进行,但负载量不宜超过30%。不同的煅烧温度,催化剂的活性组分存在形式有较大差别,负载量为30%的K基催化剂在800℃煅烧后具有最佳的催化效果。相同条件下,麦秸半焦的气体产率和碳转化率均较高,在700℃下添加该催化剂时分别达到130.0 mol/kg和95.9%,相比非催化时分别提高了57.0%和34.1%。随着温度的降低,气体产率和碳转化率均明显下降,该文催化条件下的半焦气化温度不宜低于700℃。研究结果可为生物质低温气化高效催化剂的选择提供理论依据。  相似文献   

6.
生物质焦油模型化合物的催化转化（简报）   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
生物质热解焦油对气化装置及气体运输装置都有极大危害,该文以脂肪烃类化合物正庚烷与环己烷作为焦油的模型化合物,在微型固定床反应器上采用商用Z417镍基催化剂研究了温度、S/C（水蒸气与焦油模型化合物中碳的摩尔比）和试验停留时间对正庚烷与环己烷催化转化率的影响。结果表明,在600～800℃范围内正庚烷与环己烷的转化率随温度的升高而提高,750℃时正庚烷转化率可达到95%,环己烷转化率达到88.7%左右。水蒸气量对于正庚烷和环己烷的转化率有一定的影响,并且可以促进气体产物成分调整与缓解催化剂表面积碳;延长停留时间增加了反应物与催化剂的接触时间,因此正庚烷和环己烷的转化率随停留时间增加而升高。试验结果表明,在水蒸气参与反应条件下,Z417镍基催化剂对生物质焦油模型化合物正庚烷与环己烷的催化效果良好。  相似文献   

7.
Ca/Fe强化生物炭催化秸秆热解挥发分蒸汽重整产氢   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
该文以生物质基焦炭作为催化剂,对生物质热解挥发分的水蒸气催化重整问题进行探讨。为加强生物质炭的催化能力,以Fe_2O_3和CaO作为助剂,对比分析了生物质炭、炭-Fe和炭-Ca对热解挥发分的水蒸气催化重整作用。试验结果表明,随着温度的升高3种催化剂均能促进玉米秸秆颗粒热解挥发分中H_2气体体积分数的增加。在800℃时,生物质炭、炭-Fe和炭-Ca挥发分中H_2体积分数分别为34.53%、50.89%和41.54%,与无催化剂相比分别增加了7.30%、23.66%和14.31%,其中炭-Fe对于促进H_2的生成效果最明显。炭-Ca催化剂的加入有助于提升热解气的热值,在800℃时热值达到14.22 MJ/m~3。  相似文献   

8.
为研究烘焙与催化剂对生物质热解产物特性的耦合影响机制,该文选用HZSM-5催化剂,对不同温度（200、230、260、290℃）烘焙后的柏木进行热解试验。结果发现,将烘焙与HZSM-5催化剂联用后,随着烘焙温度的升高,催化热解后积碳量呈下降趋势,最高降低了62.6%;气体产物中CO的体积分数从53.69%降低至40.84%,H2和CO2的体积分数分别增大了43.1%和35.04%,CH4的体积分数整体变化不明显;液体产物中,酸类物质大幅减少,芳香烃类产物显著增多,酚类产物发生富集;结果表明,烘焙与HZSM-5催化剂的联用有效地改善了快速热解产物尤其是生物油的品质。但是也要指出,烘焙温度过高时,积碳量增多、芳香烃类产物减少,因此柏木适宜的烘焙温度应该选择在230～260℃之间。  相似文献   

9.
为了解操作条件对生物质在超临界水中气化制氢过程的影响,该文以松木屑作为原料,在反应温度500℃、反应压力30 MPa、停留时间30 min、木屑质量分数8%、粒径8~16目的条件下,探索了Fe、Na2CO3、Cu SO4 3种催化剂对制氢过程的催化活性:FeNa2CO3Cu SO4。选用Fe催化剂,考察了反应压力30 MPa、停留时间30 min、反应温度(420~500℃)、木屑质量分数(8%~40%)、粒径(2~1 000目)对制氢过程的影响。试验结果表明:Fe催化剂质量分数增大,能显著提高制氢效果;随着温度的升高,气化率、碳气化率、氢气化率及氢气产量均相应增大;木屑质量分数越低,气化率和氢气化率越高;粒径对气化结果影响不大;在优化后的操作条件下(反应温度500℃、反应压力30 MPa、停留时间30 min、Fe质量分数2%、松木屑质量分数8%、粒径8~16目),H2的摩尔分数、氢气化率、氢气产量分别达到42.1%、98.1%、6.62 mol/kg。该文研究结果可为该技术今后的工业化发展和应用提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
为有效去除生物质热解焦油、提高气体产物品质,该研究提出了采用生物质炭（Biochar,BC）负载镍钙催化剂催化裂解/重整生物质热解气定向转化合成气（H2+CO）的研究思路,通过对焦油转化率、合成气产率以及催化剂稳定性的研究,揭示催化剂对生物质热解气催化裂解/重整的影响规律。结果表明,钙的添加降低了镍的晶粒尺寸,有利于碳纳米管的生成。与单一金属催化剂相比,生物质炭负载镍钙催化剂具有较高的焦油裂解/重整活性,在温度为700 ℃条件下、镍和钙负载量分别为0.02 mol和0.01 mol时,焦油转化率以及合成气产率分别为91.8%及607.6 mL/g（H2/CO=1.05）,显示了优异的低温焦油裂解/重整活性,并在480 min内仍可保持较高的催化活性,反应后,催化剂积碳量仅为3.6 mmol/g,同时无明显团聚现象发生,展现出良好的抗积碳和抗烧结性能。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

14.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

15.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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