共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 551 毫秒
1.
汶川震区滑坡堆积体体积三维激光扫描仪测量与计算方法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
2008年5.12汶川8级地震形成的大量松散滑坡堆积体,破坏农用地,损毁农田基础设施,对震区农业经济造成重大损失,严重威胁震区农业生产安全。本研究所选震区典型滑坡堆积体位于汶川县草坡乡,采用三维激光扫描仪实地测量滑坡堆积体,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型,计算滑坡堆积体体积。扫描仪到滑坡堆积体前、后缘的距离分别为25.74和79.00 m,距离扫描仪200 m处的扫描精度为20.0 cm×20.0 cm。根据扫描得到的滑坡堆积体点云数据,采用特征值法拟合近似滑坡堆积体的坡面、滑动面,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型。计算得到该滑坡堆积体体积为19 018 m3。建立了使用三维激光扫描仪测量和计算滑坡堆积体体积的方法。这种测量与计算方法可为地震受损农用地灾后的土地整理提供重要依据。 相似文献
2.
根据对西安地区滑坡的测绘、试验分析、长期监测、模型观测、计算分析、得到了该区地形、地下作用的规律，滑坡蠕变规律，滑坡表面与体内形变规律，以及滑动时间规律。并提出了６种新的预报方法，实践证明是可用的。 相似文献
3.
滑坡数字化动态仿真模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用GIS滑坡数据采集及生成DEM(数字高程模型)功能,分别建立滑坡表面及滑动面的数字模型 .通过三维动画技术对滑坡潜在滑动过程进行了动态仿真模拟,显示出滑坡的活动方式,为滑坡灾害预测提供了依据. 相似文献
4.
5.
滑坡的剪切滑动面较难查找,而要了解滑动面形态以及滑动影响带特征更为困难。就武都地区滑坡的剪切滑动带特征作一粗浅探讨。 相似文献
6.
7.
基于能量法的B样条农机工作部件曲线光顺研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在农机工作部件曲面设计中关键曲线的好坏直接影响整个曲面的质量，因此对关键曲线的光顺成为其曲面造型的重点。基于能量的曲线光顺以应变能最小为光顺准则对数据点进行光顺，而当数据点较多时，传统能量法的存储量较大，计算速度较慢。该文对基于B样条的农机工作部件曲面关键曲线的光顺处理的传统能量法进行了改进，利用B样条曲线的性质直接对目标函数的线性方程组进行求解，大大地减少了数据的存储量，提高了计算速度。其基本原理是：用光顺后的农机工作部件曲面的特殊曲线，对整张曲面进行反求，得到新的曲面控制顶点，并依据新的控制顶点得到新的曲面，以达到对农机工作部件曲面光顺的目的。文中以农机工作部件中的犁体曲面为对象进行了算例研究，研究结果表明，利用该文的方法可以使光顺前后犁体曲面的等高斯曲率线图的平滑状况明显好转，新曲面的光顺状况比旧曲面得到改善。 相似文献
8.
堆积层滑坡坡体物质组成复杂、不均匀,结构杂乱,水库水位的变化,也将明显改变其岩土力学性质.该类滑坡在三峡库区乃至全世界都有广泛分布,为了提高其稳定性分析的精度,提出了优化技术结合地质勘察搜索最危险滑动面的方法.并结合三峡库区-岸坡T程实例,进行了多种工况条件下的稳定性分析,得到了各工况条件下的稳定安全系数.结果表明:该方法能较好地进行堆积层滑坡滑动面搜寻,为堆积层滑坡稳定性评价的可靠性提供保证. 相似文献
9.
鸵鸟足底曲面形貌是影响鸵鸟足优越越沙性能的关键因素之一,研究鸵鸟足底曲面特征将有助于将其这一优越特性应用到越沙车轮上,以改善目前常规越沙车轮在松软地面上通过性低的难题。该文选取健康成年鸵鸟足,经过三维激光扫描仪扫描得到鸵鸟足的点云数据,并导入Geomagic Studio软件中进行封装、表面处理,最后把鸵鸟足第Ⅲ趾底曲面划分为3个典型区域：前掌缓曲面、中间凹槽面和足跟凸冠面。利用Catia软件中的Digitized Shape Editor模块,对3个典型曲面的密集点云选取合理的过滤方式过滤,保留典型曲面形貌的特征点,并导出3个典型区域特征点云三维数据。运用Matlab软件中的surface fitting自动拟合功能,拟合前掌缓曲面和中间凹槽面的2个曲面,分别得到2个曲面的拟合方程和决定系数R2;基于足跟凸冠面外形类似于一个典型椭球面,利用SAS软件中非线性回归模块以椭球面模型进行曲面拟合。从拟合结果可以看出,3个曲面的决定系数R2分别为0.95、0.96、0.95,实现了鸵鸟足底曲面由生物模型到数学模型的转化。该研究为将鸵鸟足底曲面形貌进行工程仿生学应用奠定了理论基础,并为利用工程仿生学技术研究松软路面行驶车辆提供研究方向和参考依据。 相似文献
10.
人工降雨模型试验研究降雨入渗对滑坡类型之影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
台湾属海岛型气候,因而年雨量丰沛,降雨时间与空间的不均匀,对台湾大量的山坡地造成威胁。该研究系利用人工降雨系统,配合土壤模型试体探讨强降雨下滑坡破坏型态与坡体饱和度之关系,以对各种边坡稳定、边坡破坏获得更进一步的了解。研究结果得知边坡滑动主要发生在坡体趋近稳定饱和时,而坡面冲蚀则受土壤饱和度影响较小。土壤渗透率与降雨强度之关系亦影响着坡面破坏型态,降雨强度远大于土壤渗透系数时,其破坏型态以浅层滑动为主;降雨强度近似于土壤土壤渗透系数时,则主要为较深层滑动;若降雨强度小于土壤临界入渗率时,则主要为表面冲蚀破坏。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献