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金华市酸雨污染现状特征及成因分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
根据多年酸雨监测数据，分析了金华市酸雨污染的现状、特征及成因。结果表明，金华市酸雨污染严重，酸雨中SO4^2/NO3^-比值逐渐下降；1年中春、冬季酸雨频率高，pH值较低；燃煤、大气环流转换、悬浮物、降雨特征对酸雨率及降水pH均有明显影响。 相似文献
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为了解南昌地区酸雨现状,通过对南昌农区、郊区、市区布设观测点,根据有关监测数据资料,对2006—2007年酸雨pH值、酸雨频率、酸雨成分、空气污染状况进行了统计分析。结果表明,3个测点观测的南昌地区酸雨年均pH值处强酸性标准,3测点酸雨发生概率为88%～97%,9—4月酸雨较重、5—8月减弱,酸雨pH值与空气污染物浓度有极显著相关关系。酸雨呈硫酸性酸雨,主要阴离子为SO4^2-、NO3^-、Cl^-,阳离子为NH4＋、Ca^2＋、K^＋,且SO4^2-/NO3^-比值较小。农田保护区因处于城市及工业污染源下风向,降水总离子及SO24-浓度较高,酸雨强度不亚于城市。在新设工业园及迁出企业布局上,应考虑设于较小风频方位,以减轻南昌农田保护区及城市污染,建议选择城市西北、东南侧安排新设排放源。 相似文献
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我国酸雨中盐基离子的重要性 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
从中国南方两城市与欧洲两城市酸雨化学组成的比较，南方森林土壤浸泡试验，MAGIC模型模拟预测3个方面讨论了我国酸雨中盐基离子的重要性，尤其是对土壤酸化过程的影响。结果表明，我国酸雨中高含量的盐基离子（Ca^2 、Mg^2 、NH4^ 等）既缓冲了酸雨本身的酸度，也缓解了土壤的酸化过程。虽然作用的效果相反，但盐基离子与酸性阴离子（SO4^2-、NO3^-等）一样，都是土壤酸化的重要影响因素。 相似文献
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酸雨中的SO4^2-和NO3^-等阴离子在土壤中迁移时会引起大量的盐基离子淋溶,导致土壤退化。用室内土柱模拟SO4^2-和NO3^-在红壤旱地各土层中的垂直穿透状况,并用Hydrus-1D模型对试验结果进行了拟合和预测。结果表明,N05在红壤各层中的穿透速度较快,其中在耕作层的穿透曲线峰值最高,C／C0达到0．39,峰值高低顺序依次为：耕作层〉母质层〉淋溶层〉犁底层。SO4^2-在土柱中的穿透速度远低于NO3^-,穿透曲线有明显的拖尾现象。其在各土层的穿透时间依次为：母质层〉犁底层〉淋溶层〉耕作层;而其峰值高低顺序依次为：耕作层〉淋溶层〉母质层〉犁底层,最高点耕作层的顶点C／C0仅为0．22。用Hydrus-1D模型对试验结果进行模拟,所得的SO4^2-和NO3^-穿透土壤的浓度模拟值与其实测值均呈极显著的正相关关系。利用数学模拟获得了饱和导水率和垂直扩散率等溶质运移参数,并预测了研究区酸雨后SO4^2-和NO3^-在红壤耕层的迁移状况,表明SO4^2-会在酸雨结束后持续淋溶,从而影响土壤中Ca、Mg等盐基离子的淋失。 相似文献
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酸沉降下加速土壤酸化的影响因素 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
酸沉降对土壤和水域的酸化影响是土壤环境化学研究前沿的热点问题之一。酸沉降的化学组成对酸性土壤的进一步酸化起着催化剂的作用。在酸雨影响下，SO4^2-,NO3^-，有机阴离子是加速土壤酸化和盐基淋溶损失的主要阴离子，外源H^ 的进入会加速铝离子水解。自然因素与人为因素导致土壤酸化的实际酸化速率差异表明：HCO3^－，RCOO^－在土壤剖面中的淋失状况可反映自然土壤的酸化速率，而SO4^2－和N3^- 溶产生的质子负荷揭示土壤受人为因素影响的酸化速率。通过计算酸沉降的主要化学成分进入土壤前后的质子负荷平衡，与酸中和容量（ANC）相结合，反映酸沉降加速土壤酸化的进程。 相似文献
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千岛湖区域酸雨污染成因分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从1996年以来，千岛湖的酸雨呈现为酸雨频率逐年上升的趋势，各年度酸雨率均超过80％．酸雨平均pH值降低至接近4．0。大气监测资料表明，千岛湖流域内大气中SO2和NOx的含量多年来一直保持在国家一级标准以内；其指标表现出下降的趋势，与流域内酸雨问题日渐加重的趋势相反；而TSP和降尘在近年中的变化趋势不明显，两项目指标均呈现出较小的波动变化的特征。由于相关分析和关联分析结果显示，千岛湖流域酸雨的变化与流域内近地大气中污染物的含量变化无关，说明酸雨的来源很可能来自于区域以外其它地区的输入。综合千岛湖流域的地形、风向等因素分析，酸雨污染物可能是来自于浙江省东部的经济发达地区。而对1996年千岛湖无酸雨的异常现象的分析结果则表明，安徽省境内地区也可能是酸雨污染物输入的另一来源。 相似文献
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为了解苏州市酸雨现状及其与大气环境的关系,应用统计分析、相关分析和数值模拟等方法对352个酸雨观测样本进行分析研究。结果表明:352个酸雨观测样本中,平均pH值4.5;pH值>5.6的非酸雨所占比例仅8%,其余92%为酸雨,pH值<4.5的强酸雨出现频率高达67%;pH年均值变化不大,存在一定的月际差异;电导率K值在11.9～284μS.cm-1间剧烈变动,表明大气降水中离子总量差别很大;不同降雨强度时,pH值、K值存在明显差别:大雨和暴雨逢雨必酸,小雨和中雨少数样本pH值>5.6,为非酸雨;K值随雨量增大而减小,说明小雨滴对大气环境中污染物的吸附作用更明显;pH值与大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5质量浓度负相关;选取了2010年3月一次酸雨过程应用数值模拟方法模拟北方沙尘水平和垂直传输路径,印证了大气中污染物质可以远距离传播,沙尘中离子成分含量高,可导致降雨K值增大,酸度降低。 相似文献
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临汾市酸雨监测与分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冯养云 《山西水土保持科技》2009,(2):29-30
酸雨是pH值〈5．6的大气降水,当pH〈4．5时则会对生态造成严重的影响。通过对临汾市2006-2008年大气降水的监测与分析,得知2006年酸雨发生频率为86．6％,2007年为55．6％。发生酸雨的主要原因是大气污染。2008年,市政府采取了强硬措施,关停了一部分污染企业,全市没有酸雨发生。 相似文献
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对河北曲周县盐渍土区浅层地下水的水化学类型、基本化学性质、主要化学组分及其形式和微量元素的状况及分布等化学特征进行了分析和研究。资料表明，该区地下水化学类型以Cl-SO4型为主，其次为SO4-Cl型。阳离子以Ca∧2 为主，其次为Na∧ 。各地下水化学类型可用于3种特征指标，即rHCO3/r（Cl SO4)、rSO4/rCl和rNa/r（Ca Mg），加以区分。地下水矿化度平均3.11gL∧-1，最高达17gL∧-1。以Cl-SO4和SO4-Cl型的矿化度和离子强度较高。全区纳吸附比较低，基本上无钠害问题。饱和指数表明，地下水中石膏和硬石膏呈非饱和状态，而方解石、霰石呈过饱和状态。除主要游离子外，化学组分形式中CaSO∧04、MgSO∧04、CaHCO∧ 3和MgHCO∧ 3等配合物和配离子的相对浓度较高。地下水中微量元素Cr、Cd和Fe的含量较高，应注意其水质问题，除Zn外，各微量元素浓度均与矿化度呈极显著（或显著）相关。 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献