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1.
秸秆覆盖对崩积体坡面产流产沙影响的模拟试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究60 mm/h雨强条件下,不同秸秆覆盖度(0、25%、50%、75%、100%)和坡度(25°,30°和35°)组合崩积体坡面的侵蚀状况。结果表明:(1)不同条件下崩积体坡面初始产流时间在49~913 s;同一坡度条件下,崩积体坡面初始产流时间随着覆盖度的增加而延长;同一覆盖度条件下,初始产流时间35°25°30°;坡面产流时间与秸秆覆盖度呈线性正相关关系。(2)崩积体坡面径流量的变化过程具有如下几个特征:第一,在降雨初期,坡面径流率在短时间内迅速增加,之后趋于平缓;第二,坡面径流量的起伏变化幅度随着坡度的增加而增大;第三,同一覆盖度条件下,30°坡面的径流率大于25°和35°坡面。(3)崩积体坡面产沙量存在临界覆盖度,值为50%。 相似文献
2.
模拟降雨条件下崩积体坡面产流产沙特征及其响应关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]研究崩积体坡面产流产沙特征及其响应关系,为崩岗治理提供理论基础与科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,探讨不同覆盖度(0%,25%,50%,75%,100%)和坡度(25°,30°,35°)组合坡面在90mm/h雨强条件下的产流产沙时空特征及其响应关系。[结果]不同覆盖度和坡度条件下,坡面产流时间的变化范围在33~292s;同一坡度条件下,坡面产流时间与覆盖度呈线性正相关关系;同一覆盖度条件下,坡面产流时间与坡度呈幂函数关系。通过双因素方差分析可知,坡度对径流量的影响达到极显著水平,覆盖度对产沙量的影响达到显著水平。当坡度为25°时,坡面产沙总量的临界覆盖度为50%;当坡度为30°时,坡面产沙总量的临界覆盖度为75%;当坡度为35°时,坡面径流量的临界覆盖度为50%。[结论]针对不同坡度崩积体坡面,可以选择合适的秸秆覆盖度以达到较好的水土保持效果。 相似文献
3.
[目的]探究坡度和降雨强度对崩岗崩积体坡面侵蚀产沙特征的影响,为桂南地区崩积体水土流失预测及其防治提供科学依据。[方法]采用室内模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度(15°,20°,25°)和降雨强度(60,90,120 mm/h)条件下崩积体坡面侵蚀产沙过程。[结果]各坡度条件下,60 mm/h降雨强度时,崩积体坡面侵蚀速率变化过程较为稳定,且侵蚀速率多低于5.0 g/(m2·s),并呈现出一定的下降趋势;90～120 mm/h降雨强度下,侵蚀速率呈先波动增大后波动减小的变化趋势。降雨过程中侵蚀速率最大值随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,侵蚀速率最大值出现的时间集中在0～25 min内,且随坡度的增大有提前的趋势。次降雨产沙量(3.64～48.07 kg/m2)随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,与降雨强度和坡度之间的非线性回归结果(幂函数)优于线性回归结果。次降雨产沙量与坡度和降雨强度的交互项相关性最为显著,二者呈极显著线性函数关系。[结论]次降雨产沙量对降雨强度的敏感系数要高于对坡度的敏感系数,降雨强度对次降雨产沙量的影响强于坡度,崩积体侵蚀防治中建议做好... 相似文献
4.
坡度和流量对崩积体坡面细沟水流输沙能力的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为探究坡度及流量对崩岗崩积体土壤坡面细沟侵蚀输沙能力的影响,精确计算细沟水流输沙能力,建立坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型,以崩岗崩积体土壤为研究对象,进行室内水槽模拟试验研究。结果表明:(1)不同流量条件下,坡面细沟输沙能力随坡度的增大而增大,且增幅随坡度的增加而增大,可用一元线性方程表示;(2)不同坡度条件下,坡面细沟输沙能力随着流量的增大而增大,可用幂函数表示;(3)崩岗崩积体坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型为二元幂函数方程,其中流量(q)和坡度(S)的指数分别为1.054和0.617,流量对细沟输沙能力的影响大于坡度;(4)通过模型对比发现,Wu模型、ANSWERS模型及Zhang模型方程都无法很好地预测崩岗崩积体坡面细沟输沙能力。 相似文献
5.
为了探究崩岗崩积体长时间序列的侵蚀变化,在崩积体典型坡度(30°)及研究区强降雨(3.33mm/min)条件下,进行了持续20场次降雨的崩积体侵蚀过程模拟试验。结果表明,在本试验条件下降雨溅蚀和径流冲刷对崩积体产沙的平均贡献率分别为47.6%和52.4%,在崩积体侵蚀过程中,其产沙量呈幂函数减小;弗劳德数、径流功率、达西-韦斯巴赫阻力系数与崩积体产沙量具有较好的相关关系,在沙源充足时,其参数可用于定量描述坡面径流产沙效能;崩积体侵蚀过程可分为4个阶段:(1)含沙量为0.099kg/L,以片蚀为主,坡面未见粗化;(2)含沙量为0.052~0.101kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化不明显;(3)含沙量为0.011~0.064kg/L,以细沟侵蚀为主,坡面粗化显现;(4)含沙量为0.008~0.036kg/L,无明显的主导侵蚀方式,坡面持续粗化。降雨及其径流对崩积体的分选性搬运,致使崩积体坡面粗化,而崩积体坡面粗化,反过来又使得降雨及其径流产沙效能降低。 相似文献
6.
崩积体是崩岗的重要组成部分,具有土质疏松、粗颗粒含量高、坡度大、易侵蚀的特征。该研究利用人工模拟降雨试验,对不同雨强（1.00,1.33,1.67,2.00,2.33 mm/min）和坡度（20°,25°,30°,35°,40°）下的崩积体细沟发生、发育及形态特征进行分析。研究结果表明:发生细沟的时间随着坡度和雨强的增大而缩短;随着雨强的增大,沟头离坡顶的距离越短,沟宽和沟深增大,但细沟密度差异不明显;随着坡度的增大,垂向作用增加,但横向扩张能力相应地降低,造成坡面侵蚀深度增大,宽深比减小;随着雨强和坡度的增大,侵蚀方式从片蚀为主逐渐转变至细沟侵蚀为主;雨强对细沟侵蚀的影响大于坡度。 相似文献
7.
崩岗崩积体土壤侵蚀规律研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别从崩岗崩壁崩塌堆积侵蚀、崩积体坡面土壤侵蚀以及坡面微地貌与水蚀过程的关系研究等3个方面,阐述了当前崩岗崩积体土壤侵蚀规律国内外的研究现状,并总结了当前研究中存在的问题。最后,提出了今后需要重点研究的几个方向。 相似文献
8.
多场次降雨对崩岗崩积体细沟侵蚀的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
崩积体是崩岗的重要组成部分,因土质疏松,极易被侵蚀。细沟侵蚀特征是探讨崩积体侵蚀机制的重要内容。采用人工模拟降雨试验,研究多场次降雨条件（1.00、1.67、2.33 mm/min分别降3次雨）对崩积体30°坡面（5m×1 m）细沟侵蚀产沙过程及发育形态特征的影响。结果表明：1）1.00 mm/min降雨强度条件下,3次降雨的后期产沙过程趋于一致,而1.67和2.33 mm/min降雨强度条件下,前2次降雨后期产沙过程趋于一致,但第3次降雨后期产沙率急剧增大;2）各降雨强度条件下,沟头溯源作用、细沟平均宽度及深度随着降雨场次的增加而增加;3）不同降雨强度条件下的细沟特征存在差异,1.00和1.67 mm/min降雨强度时,随着降雨场次的增加,坡面的细沟数及细沟密度增加,宽深比减小,但在2.33 mm/min降雨强度条件下的结果恰好相反;4）各降雨强度条件下细沟侵蚀量及其增加幅度均增大,细沟侵蚀愈剧烈。 相似文献
9.
不同雨强和覆盖度条件下崩积体侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
崩积体坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒的变化特征及过程研究是揭示崩岗崩积体侵蚀机理的关键。基于崩岗崩积体土质疏松、粗颗粒含量高、极易被侵蚀的特性,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究30°坡度条件下,不同覆盖度(0,25%,50%,75%,100%)和雨强(60,90,120 mm h-1)组合坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒特征。结果表明:降雨过程中,坡面径流优先搬运的是粒径较小的泥沙颗粒;侵蚀泥沙中粗颗粒(砾石和粗砂)泥沙含量随着覆盖度的增加呈先减小后增大趋势;侵蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径(MWD)与覆盖度之间呈极显著相关;当覆盖度达到50%时,坡面粗颗粒泥沙的减少效果最明显,75%覆盖度坡面较容易发生崩塌。以上结果表明,侵蚀泥沙颗粒的大小与坡面秸秆覆盖度的高低密切相关,50%左右的秸秆覆盖度可以达到较好的减沙效果。 相似文献
10.
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献