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分析美国1996—2016年间人源、动物源和肉类中主要病原菌类别及耐药性,探讨抗菌药使用量与耐药性的关联性,并对我国抗菌药的使用及人源菌株耐药性进行分析,比较两国间在抗菌药使用和细菌耐药性方面的差异。在美国近19万株病原菌中,29%来源于病人,71%来源于动物及其制品,其中,在动物源菌株中不同动物的比例为鸡41%、牛13%、火鸡9%、猪8%;在动物样本和患病病人样本中检出率最高的均是沙门菌(分别占45%和66%),在畜禽肉样品中检出率最高的是肠球菌属(42%),说明在美国沙门菌是动物和人致病或携带的主要食源性病菌。从我国2016年人源性致病菌数据来看,以致病性大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主。耐药性数据显示,美国主要使用的6类抗生素和我国主要使用的4类抗生素皆存在较高水平的耐药率,两国较少使用的氨基糖苷类药物也出现高耐药率。但由于我国缺乏长期而系统的耐药性监测数据,因而这种比较显得牵强。因此,建议卫生部门、农业部门和食品药品监督管理机构整合资源,加强对动物养殖、肉类食品、临床病人以及相关环境中耐药菌株的分布与耐药性进行系统监测和数据整合,及时调整用药相关政策,以便从源头上控制细菌耐药性的产生,并在食物链中遏制耐药致病菌、耐药菌和耐药基因的传播,保障国民健康和公共卫生安全。 相似文献
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对动物饲料中禁用抗菌促生长剂的反思 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
欧盟国家对饲用抗菌促生长剂禁令的颁布引起了国际社会的广泛争议。文章综合动物源细菌耐药性监测数据和风险评估结果,对饲料中禁用抗菌促生长剂进行了反思,结果发现：（1）某些饲用抗菌促生长剂（如大环内酯类促生长剂泰乐菌素和链阳性菌素类促生长剂维吉尼亚霉素等）对人类健康的耐药性风险似乎被人为夸大,系统的风险评估结论认为,养殖动物中泰乐菌素等大环内酯类促生长剂的使用对人类弯曲杆菌耐药性的风险是可以忽略的,维吉尼亚霉素促生长剂的应用也几乎不会对人类肠球菌耐药性造成很大的风险;（2）“病原菌耐药性从农场到餐桌转移”的命题似乎缺乏科学证据,目前虽然有证据显示动物体耐药菌会直接传播给那些与动物密切接触的人群,但动物体耐药菌通过食物链环节传播给人的证据尚不充分;（3）禁用抗菌促生长剂并没有改变耐药模式,特别是禁用糖肽类阿伏帕星、氟喹诺酮类恩诺沙星和四环素类金霉素等促生长剂后,动物体和人体耐药菌数量仍然有增无减、持续上升,其原因可能归咎于万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌较强的传播特性和氟喹诺酮类耐药弯曲杆菌较强的适应性,而四环素类治疗用药的增加也必然增加肠道细菌的耐药性;（4）禁用抗菌促生长剂对动物养殖业带了一定的损失,比如,使产气荚膜梭菌引起的坏死性肠炎的发病率升高,使养殖动物治疗性抗生素的使用量增加,使养殖原料和场地相应增加等;（5）禁用抗菌促生长剂对动物源性食品安全和人类公共健康造成了一定的影响,比如,影响动物体肠道菌群发酵从而增加了有害气体的排放,提高了食品加工过程中的细菌污染几率从而增加了人体食源性病原菌的发病率。总而言之,决策的制定需要权衡利弊、因地因时制宜,综合考虑禁用抗菌促生长剂对耐药性风险的控制作用以及对动物养殖业和人类公共健康的影响。结合中国动物养殖业发展现状及全球动物性产品需要程度,需要开展深入的科学研究,寻找耐药性控制新措施;开展系统的风险评估,有的放矢地制定风险控制策略;加强政府监管力度,避免药物滥用,促进合理用药以延缓耐药性产生。 相似文献
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<正>为有效应对动物源细菌耐药挑战,提高兽用抗菌药物科学管理水平,保障养殖业生产安全、食品安全、公共卫生安全和生态安全,维护人民群众身体健康,促进经济社会持续健康发展,今年,农业部印发了《全国遏制动物源细菌耐药行动计划(2017—2020年)》(以下简称《行动计划》),要求各地兽医行政管理部门加强组织领导、协调政策支持、落实考核考评,全面推进动物源细菌耐药性控制工作。本刊编辑部结合农业部兽医局解答,就《行动计划》有关问题进行解读。 相似文献
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【目的】了解广州市宠物源大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli耐药性和耐药基因携带情况。【方法】2016年7月至2017年7月从广州市4家宠物医院采集健康或患病犬猫样品共319份,其中,健康动物127份,患病动物192份。采用选择性培养基分离大肠埃希菌,利用基质辅助激光解析串联飞行时间质谱仪(MALDI-TOF MS)鉴定菌种;采用琼脂稀释法测定大肠埃希菌对11种抗菌药物的敏感性,利用PCR和测序检测耐药基因的携带情况。【结果】319份样品共分离得到大肠埃希菌203株,其中,患病动物源109株,健康动物源94株。203株大肠埃希菌中有179株至少对1种抗生素耐药;对氨苄西林耐药率最高(76.85%),对头孢噻肟、四环素、多西环素和磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶耐药率均高于50%;对阿米卡星最为敏感,耐药率仅为10.84%。患病动物源大肠埃希菌对11种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于健康动物源,除阿米卡星、氟苯尼考和磷霉素外,对其他药物的耐药性均差异极显著(P 0. 01)。耐药基因检测结果显示,floR检出率最高(检出率为34.97%),blaCTX-M-9G、blaCTX-M-1G、fos A3、rmt B和bla CMY-2检出率分别为22.66%、20.19%、17.73%、10.34%和1.48%,未检测到blaCTX-M-2G和blaCTX-M-25G。【结论】广州地区宠物源大肠埃希菌耐药状况严峻,且常携带多种重要耐药基因。应当加强对宠物源细菌耐药性的监测。 相似文献
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耐药菌株的广泛传播,使得细菌耐药现象越来越严重,严重影响临床上食源性致病菌引起的疾病的治疗,增加了治疗成本和新药的研发成本,也缩短了新药的应用周期,尤其在人畜同药的情况下,耐药性通过畜产品以及环境等多种途径造成交叉传播,直接对人类的健康构成威胁。从食源性致病菌耐药性的危害、食源性致病菌耐药现状、耐药机制及耐药性传递机制以及耐药性防控措施等几方面做出综述。 相似文献
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动物源食品的安全性及药物残留监控 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
动物源食品中病原微生物、寄生虫及药物等化学品残留严重影响着动物源食品的安全性。由于养殖业中存在着滥用或违禁使用动物药品的现象，动物源食品中药物残留不仅是影响人类健康的常见重要原因，而且影响到微生物对药物敏感性，是人医和兽医临床细菌耐药性问题日益严重的重要因素。我国在现有基础上应加强和完善兽药残留监控体系，建立健全相应的法律法规，确保兽药生产、销售和使用的规范化；同时加强各种宣传教育，提高整个社会对动物源食品安全性的整体认识。 相似文献
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Salmonellosis poses a health problem of large proportions in the United States. Annually, it accounts for more than 40,000 reported cases, 500 deaths, and financial costs well in excess of $50 million. Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in Salmonella strains, a finding that has important public health implications. Although the chain of transmission of the bacteria is often complex, combined epidemiologic and laboratory studies with the use of new methods in molecular biology make it possible to trace antimicrobial-resistant salmonellae to their primary source--foods of animal origin. These studies suggest that the antimicrobial drugs to which food animals are exposed provide selective pressure that leads to the appearance and persistence of resistant strains. 相似文献
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Ziping WU 《农业科学与工程前沿(英文版)》2018,5(3):301
By measuring the quantity and ways in which antimicrobials are used, and reviewing different technical and socioeconomic factors influencing antimicrobial use at farm level, this study discusses the main knowledge gaps in antimicrobial use in food animal production and provides recommendations for future research and policy development. The review reveals that antimicrobial use in food animals exhibit strong regional and species differences, and there are still large information gaps concerning the current state of antimicrobial use. Factors associated with animal health (including antimicrobial resistance), animal health improvement, economic costs and benefits relevant to animal diseases, and potential technological alternatives or alternative systems all have an impact on antimicrobial use on the farm. There is a clear need to resolve the data gap by monitoring antimicrobial use and developing an analytical framework to better understand farmer behaviors under different technical, economic and environmental circumstances. 相似文献
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推行健康养殖,生产绿色无公害产品,是当前和今后一段时间畜牧业最迫切需要解决的问题。文章概述了目前健康养殖与动物源性食品质量安全主要存在的问题,并针对性的提出了5条应对措施：强化饲料原料及添加剂质量,实行标准化生产;规范用药行为,保障动物源性食品安全;加强疫病防检,保证人畜安全;治理养殖污染,实行动物饲养防疫条件审核;加强畜禽屠宰管理,保障屠宰卫生。 相似文献
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抗菌肽是生物体产生的一种具有抗菌活性的多肽类物质,它对细菌、真菌和病毒等都具有明显的杀伤作用.抗菌肽有望开发成为防治人和动物疾病的药物,应用前景广阔.文章对抗菌肽的结构特征、作用机制及应用前景进行了综述,以期为抗菌肽的更深层次的研究与应用提供参考. 相似文献
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There is currently great controversy over the contribution antimicrobial use in animal agriculture has made to antimicrobial
resistance in pathogenic bacteria with negative consequences for human health. In light of this, the approval process for
antimicrobials used in US animal agriculture, known as New Animal Drug Application or NADA, is currently being revised by
the federal government. We explore the public deliberations over the development of these new policies focusing our attention
on the interaction between pharmaceutical companies and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. What appears to be an antagonistic
public discourse is examined in terms of its ability to simultaneously legitimate the roles of the Food and Drug Administration
as the official arbiter of policy on antimicrobial use in animal agriculture and as a protector of the public welfare, as
well as the role of pharmaceutical companies as the producers of safe and effective products necessary for the protection
of public well-being.
Wesley R. Dean is an Assistant Research Scientist in the Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy at Texas A & M University. His
PhD is in Sociology from the University of Alberta where he wrote a dissertation on the Canadian HIV-tainted blood scandal.
He is currently engaged in research on USDA-CSREES National Integrated Food Safety Initiative, a project to systematically
characterize antimicrobial decision-making in US animal agriculture.
H. Morgan Scott earned a DVM from the University of Saskatchewan and a Ph.D. in Epidemiology from the University of Guelph. He is an assistant
professor at Texas A&M University in the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences. He is currently conducting epidemiological
research on the transference of resistant genes from swine to human host populations and he is the principal investigator
on the USDA-CSREES National Integrated Food Safety Initiative. 相似文献
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The use of antibiotics in human medicine and animal husbandry has resulted in the continuous release of antibiotics into the environment, which imposes high selection pressure on bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance. The spread and aggregation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in multidrug-resistant pathogens is one of the most intractable clinical challenges. Numerous studies have been conducted to profile the patterns of ARGs in agricultural ecosystems, as this is closely related to human health and wellbeing. This paper provides an overview of the transmission of ARGs in agricultural ecosystems resulting from the application of animal manures and other organic amendments. The future need to control and mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in agricultural ecosystems is also discussed, particularly from a holistic perspective, and requires multiple sector efforts to translate fundamental knowledge into effective strategies. 相似文献
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晋北高寒区大豆丰产栽培技术 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
大豆是粮食兼经济作物,又是重要的工业原料,大豆中含有可精深加工并对人体有特殊功能的活性物质,如磷脂、低聚糖、皂苷、异黄酮、天然维生素等,极具开发潜力,被称为是21世纪的＂保健食品＂。豆饼则是畜牧业和水产养殖业饲料蛋白的主要来源,大豆根部极其丰富的根瘤菌又是一种重要的养地原料。 相似文献