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1.
为探明低温对冬小麦光合作用、干物质转运和产量的影响,以西农979、小偃22和商麦5226为试验材料,在孕穗期进行不同强度的低温处理,测定光合特性、干物质积累、转运和分配及产量等性状变化。结果表明：(1)低温处理后,供试品种叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著下降,胞间CO2浓度显著增加。(2)低温处理降低了开花期和成熟期单株干物质积累量、籽粒干物质积累量、茎秆+叶鞘+叶片干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、干物质转运效率、干物质贡献率、花后干物质积累量和籽粒干物质分配比例。茎秆+叶鞘+叶片干物质分配比例、穂轴+颖壳干物质分配比例和花后干物质贡献率较对照有不同程度的增加。(3)低温处理显著降低了单株产量和穗粒数,连续3 d低温处理下西农979、小偃22、商麦5226单株产量分别下降38.2%、48.5%和75.9%,连续6 d低温处理下依次下降62.7%、76.6%和87.5%;低温胁迫也降低了单株穂数和千粒质量。孕穗期低温处理降低了小麦光合性能、营养器官干物质积累量和向籽粒的转运与分配,导致穗粒数和千粒质量大幅下降,是造成小麦减产的主要原因。综合来看,3个品种的孕... 相似文献
2.
为探讨外源Zn对小麦植株生育后期Zn吸收积累的影响,以河南省主要推广品种周麦18和矮抗58为材料,于2009-2010年进行网室盆栽试验,测定了不同浓度的Zn（0、200、400和800mg.kg-1干土,分别以Zn0、Zn2、Zn4、Zn8表示）处理下,小麦灌浆初期及成熟期植株叶片、茎鞘、穗部、籽粒及根等部位的Zn含量和干物质积累量,分析了各部位的Zn积累量和分配比例。结果表明,外源Zn处理下,灌浆初期至成熟期,小麦植株各部位Zn含量为4.22～174.98μg.g-1,以叶片Zn含量最高。Zn含量的变异主要是外源Zn所导致,品种及品种×外源Zn的互作对各部位Zn含量亦有不同程度的影响。随外源Zn水平的增加,植株干物质积累量呈现先升后降趋势,在200mg.kg-1处理时,植株干物质积累量最高。植株Zn积累总量亦随外源Zn处理浓度的增加而升高,表现为Zn8〉Zn4〉Zn2〉Zn0,周麦18植株Zn积累量高于矮抗58。灌浆初期,植株Zn的主要积累部位是叶片,至成熟期,籽粒和根是Zn的主要积累部位,植株Zn有50%左右分配至籽粒中。在Zn2处理下,籽粒Zn的分配比例最高。土壤中施加适量Zn肥,有利于植株干物质的积累和Zn的吸收积累。 相似文献
3.
为明确施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配、转运及产量的影响,于2013-2015年连续两个冬小麦生长季,以新冬18号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置了0(N_0)、94.5(N_1)、180(N_2)、240(N_3)、300(N_4)、360kg·hm~(-2)(N_5)共6个施氮量处理,通过单因素随机区组试验,研究了不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配及转运的特点。结果表明,不同施氮量处理下滴灌冬小麦单茎干物质积累量随生育进程均呈"S"曲线变化。成熟期干物质积累量、花前干物质的转运量及其转运效率、花后同化物积累量均以N_3处理最高;花前干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率以及籽粒产量在两年中均随施氮水平的提高呈先增后减趋势,也均以N_3处理最高,其中产量两年分别较N_0处理增产68.01%和67.39%。因此,在本试验条件下,240kg·hm~(-2)施氮量最有利于滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、转运和高产。 相似文献
4.
不同栽培管理模式对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
为探索适合河南高产灌区的小麦栽培管理模式,以冬小麦品种平安8号为供试材料,在大田条件下研究了栽培管理模式（农民习惯种植T1、优化管理T2、超高产T3和优化管理T4）对冬小麦花后干物质积累与分配特征及产量的影响。结果表明,4种栽培管理模式下花后各器官干物质积累变化趋势基本一致;与T1相比,超高产和2种优化管理模式增加了花后各营养器官的干物质积累以及干物质在籽粒中的积累量和分配比例;优化管理T2、T4处理主要通过提高花后干物质同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率而获得高产,超高产模式T3主要通过协同提高花前干物质积累量与转运能力和花后干物质同化量及对籽粒的贡献获得高产。在本试验条件下,超高产和2种优化管理模式在小麦灌浆后期35 d均出现了明显的灌浆＂小高峰＂现象,这是其粒重增加的主要原因。 相似文献
5.
为探索不同种植方式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运与分配特征及产量的影响,选用大穗型小麦品种农大1108为试验材料,研究在大田生产中主要的4种种植方式(穴播、撒播、窄幅条播和宽幅条播)对冬小麦花后各器官干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,4种种植方式下花后各器官的干物质积累量变化趋势基本一致,且均表现为窄幅条播显著高于其他3组处理;窄幅条播主要通过提高花后干物质同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率而获得高产;与宽幅条播相比,窄幅条播花后营养器官干物质积累量及干物质在籽粒中的积累量分别增加45.59%和19.44%;与穴播和撒播相比,窄幅条播产量分别提高17.25%和11.39%;花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率表现为穴播最高,达到80.26%。不同种植方式对冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率影响不大,表现为各处理间千粒重差异不显著。 相似文献
6.
早春低温之前喷施外源调控物质对冬小麦的干物质转运、产量和品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确外源调控物质对冬小麦早春低温抵御能力的调控效应，以济麦22为试验材料，在拔节期倒春寒来临前以喷施清水为对照（CK），设喷施氨基酸水溶肥（200倍液，T1）、蔗糖（500倍液，T2）、0.004%芸苔素内酯（800倍液，T3）及其等倍混合液（200倍液氨基酸水溶肥+500倍液蔗糖+800倍液芸苔素内酯，T4）4个调控处理，分析了拔节期发生倒春寒条件下不同调控处理间冬小麦干物质积累、转运、分配、产量及其构成和籽粒品质的差异。结果表明，T4处理下冬小麦开花期、成熟期干物质积累量较CK显著增加，且成熟期籽粒、穗轴及颖壳、茎鞘及叶的干物质积累量均高于其他处理；T2、T3、T4处理使小麦结实率均显著提高；T4处理在不降低穗粒数和穗数的前提下，显著提高千粒重和籽粒产量；T1处理有利于提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量。由此得出，在冬小麦拔节期倒春寒来临前，喷施氨基酸水溶肥+蔗糖+0.004%芸苔素内酯混合液有助于提高小麦抵御低温逆境的能力，实现抗逆稳产。 相似文献
7.
不同水肥条件下冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及水氮利用效率 总被引：27，自引：4，他引：23
为了给冬小麦种植中合理水肥管理提供依据,以京冬8号为试验材料,研究了不同水肥管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,与传统水肥相比,优化水肥、秸秆还田优化水肥的冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量和经济系数均有所提高,物质生产结构较优;单位面积收获穗数有所增加,穗粒数显著减少,千粒重显著提高,籽粒产量有所增加;水分利用效率无显著性差异,氮肥当季利用率显著提高。与优化水肥相比,秸秆还田优化水肥有利于增加单位面积籽粒产量,是种植冬小麦的最佳模式。 相似文献
8.
为了明确不同氮敏感型冬小麦品种的幼苗对低氮胁迫的反应,基于小麦籽粒产量和籽粒氮含量的耐低氮指数,对24个冬小麦品种进行了耐低氮丰产型和氮敏感型分类,并以典型品种为材料,比较了其幼苗(5叶龄)在不施氮(0mmol·L~(-1))和施氮(16 mmol·L~(-1))条件下,地上部和根部的干物质积累量、氮含量、氮积累量及其叶片和根部的硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性。结果显示,与施氮处理相比较,不施氮处理小麦品种的幼苗根部干物质积累量、根冠比均增加,地上部干物质积累量、氮含量和氮积累量、根部氮含量和氮积累量以及NR和GS活性均降低。在不施氮处理下,耐低氮丰产型小麦品种的幼苗地上部干物质积累量的降幅小于氮敏感型品种,根部干物质积累量和根冠比的增幅均大于氮敏感型品种;耐低氮丰产型小麦品种幼苗总根长和总根表面积显著增加,根直径显著下降;氮敏感型小麦品种幼苗根直径和总根体积显著降低。与氮敏感型品种相比,耐低氮丰产型小麦品种幼苗地上部、根部的氮吸收能力较高,NR和GS两种酶活性降幅较小。 相似文献
9.
为明确播后镇压和冬前灌溉对高产冬小麦干物质和氮素转移及氮素利用效率的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828和石麦12为材料,采用裂区田间试验,于开花期和成熟期,测定不同器官的干物质和氮积累量和转移量、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、氮吸收效率和氮肥生产效率。结果表明,冬灌和镇压处理下,2个品种开花期和成熟期的干物质积累量下降,开花前各营养器官干物质的转移量、转移率及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,但开花后籽粒中的干物质积累量增加。冬灌处理小麦成熟期的总干物质积累量和产量下降。冬灌处理下,石新828开花后籽粒中的氮积累量增加,开花后氮素对籽粒的贡献率提高,但各器官的氮转移量显著降低,籽粒氮积累总量显著减少,氮吸收效率下降;冬灌对石麦12成熟期籽粒氮素积累量影响不显著。与不镇压相比,镇压处理下,2个品种开花期的氮积累总量和不同器官中的氮积累量均降低,而成熟期各器官氮积累量及分配比例的差异均不显著。镇压处理与不镇压处理相比,2个品种开花前营养器官中的氮转移量、转移率和贡献率均降低,但是开花后的氮积累量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率提高,其中,镇压的石麦12开花前氮转移量、贡献率和开花后氮积累量、贡献率与不镇压的差异达显著水平;成熟期籽粒氮素积累量的差异不显著。建议在足墒播种条件下不必进行冬灌,应根据播种前后土壤和水分条件确定是否需要镇压。 相似文献
10.
秸秆带状覆盖下冬小麦干物质积累及氮磷钾素的吸收利用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解秸秆带状覆盖对冬小麦干物质积累以及氮磷钾素吸收利用的影响,于2014-2015年在甘肃省旱作区设置定位试验,研究秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、全膜覆土穴播(PMF)和露地种植(CK)3种方式下冬小麦干物质、氮磷钾养分的积累及转运与分配的差异。结果表明,与CK相比,SM处理能增加冬小麦成熟期开花后积累的干物质对籽粒的贡献率,但与PMF处理间差异不显著;SM处理会降低开花前营养器官贮藏物向籽粒的转运量、转运效率及其对籽粒的贡献率,但能显著提高小麦开花后籽粒氮和磷的积累量,较CK处理分别增加69.3%和70.3%,其所积累的氮素和磷素对籽粒的贡献率分别达到55.1%和53.0%,并有效减少了开花前茎叶积累的钾素在开花后的流失。说明秸秆带状覆盖有利用促进小麦干物质、氮磷钾养分的积累,进而提高产量。 相似文献
11.
Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified. 相似文献
12.
Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from
the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch
were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics
investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules. 相似文献
13.
种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
14.
ZHU Mingdong WEI Xiangjin XIE Hongjun TANG Guohua ZENG Xiaoshan WANG Jianlong HU Peisong YU Yinghong 《中国水稻科学》2019,33(5):401-406
Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):313-324
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer. 相似文献
16.
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
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通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。 相似文献
18.
Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N2 fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N2 and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the Nmin-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N2 fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent. 相似文献
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20.
Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
N.E.S. Flte K. Hollung L. Ruud T. Sogn E.M. Frgestad H.J. Skarpeid E.M. Magnus A.K. Uhlen 《Journal of Cereal Science》2005,41(3):357-369
Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high Mr polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S. 相似文献