共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
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《中国农村水利水电》2019,(12)
2015年在焦作广利灌区灌溉试验站开展了不同灌溉方式下夏玉米水氮耦合田间试验,定量分析了不同灌溉模式下水氮耦合对夏玉米生长特性和产量的影响。结果表明,滴灌条件下的夏玉米产量要高于微喷带灌溉条件下的夏玉米产量,秃尖长短和百粒重大是滴灌条件下夏玉米产量较高的主要原因。不同灌溉方式下夏玉米生物量随着生育期的推移一直在逐渐增加,而叶面积指数则呈现先上升后下降的变化过程。在相同水氮供应条件下,滴灌处理的夏玉米生长状况要优于微喷带灌溉处理下的夏玉米生长。通过对比不同灌溉方式下的夏玉米全生育期内耗水量和水分生产效率,发现滴灌是比较适合夏玉米生产的灌溉方式。 相似文献
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生物炭对盐渍土理化性质和紫花苜蓿生长的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为揭示生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质和紫花苜蓿生长的影响规律,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同生物炭添加量(炭土质量分数0、0.5%、1%、2%、5%、10%)处理下黄河三角洲盐渍化土壤养分、结构、盐分以及紫花苜蓿产量、品质等变化特征,并采用灰色关联度法评价了生物炭的应用效果。结果表明,添加生物炭后,土壤有机质和全氮含量分别增加了16.27%～246.65%和6.38%～58.51%,全磷、有效磷和全钾含量变化相对较小;土壤容重显著降低,低量生物炭处理显著提高了盐渍化土壤大于0.25 mm团聚体的含量和团聚体稳定性;水溶性盐总量降低了38.90%～46.17%,其中Mg~(2+)、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)含量降幅较大;紫花苜蓿产量提高了8.19%～43.00%,品质无显著变化。整体而言,随着施炭量的增加,土壤肥力有所提高,团聚体稳定性降低,盐分含量和紫花苜蓿产量呈先降后增的趋势。施用生物炭改善了盐渍化土壤的理化性质,促进了紫花苜蓿生长,生物炭用量0.5%时施用效果最优。 相似文献
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通过野外定位监测和室内分析相结合的方法,以三峡库区典型黄壤为研究对象,结合Le Bissonnais(LB)法中快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿润振荡(WS)3种处理方法定量分析结皮层与表土层团聚体稳定性的差异。研究结果表明:在降雨作用下土壤团聚体稳定性存在较大的动态变化,结皮层团聚体稳定性在自然降雨作用下呈现波动式上升的趋势。FW、SW、WS处理下,结皮层土壤团聚体平均质量直径变化范围分别为0.73~2.13 mm、1.70~2.90 mm和2.27~3.16 mm,下层土壤在FW处理下团聚体稳定性呈波动式上升趋势,平均质量直径变化范围为0.70~1.27 mm,在SW和WS处理下呈略微下降趋势,其变化范围分别为1.69~2.83 mm和2.53~2.95 mm。在降雨影响下,土壤结皮与下层土壤团聚体稳定性存在较大的差异,随着降雨场次的增加,结皮层团聚体稳定性逐渐高于下层土壤,且两者差值逐渐增大。在土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、pH值等理化性质基本不变的情况下,土壤团聚体稳定性在自然降雨影响下也存在较大的动态变化。 相似文献
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为探究调亏灌溉条件下施氮量对辽宁地区花生农田CO2固定排放的影响,于2018、2019年设置测坑裂区试验,研究了不同灌溉模式（全生育期充分灌溉（F）和花针期、饱果期调亏灌溉（D））下施氮量（0kg/hm2（N0）、50kg/hm2（N50）、100kg/hm2（N100）、150kg/hm2（N150））对花生植株干物质积累量、固碳量及产量等的影响。研究结果表明,与F处理相比,D处理下花生植株干物质积累量、固碳量及产量分别提高了7.59%、15.08%和7.16%（2年平均）。两种灌溉模式下,花生植株干物质积累量、固碳量及产量均随施氮量的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,在100kg/hm2施氮水平下达到最大值。从苗期至饱果期,花生农田土壤CO2排放量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在花针期达到最大值。与F处理相比,D处理显著降低了花针期、结荚期及饱果期土壤CO2平均排放量及全生育期CO2累积排放量。两种灌溉模式下,土壤CO2排放量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加。相同施氮水平下,调亏灌溉较充分灌溉处理显著降低了全生育期CO2累积排放量,DN100处理较FN100处理CO2累积排放量降低了7.51%（2年平均）。不同水氮处理下,DN100处理花生植株固碳量和产量最大,且CO2排放量较低,是花生农田生态系统固碳减排的最佳处理。 相似文献
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《灌溉排水学报》2020,(5)
【目的】研究不同秸秆移除率对西南山丘区紫色土抗侵蚀能力的影响。【方法】在四川省简阳市进行大田试验,选定5个表征土壤抗侵蚀能力的参数进行测量。试验共设置5个不同梯度的秸秆移除率,依次为100%、75%、50%、25%、0%,并随种植时间进行冬油菜―夏玉米秸秆的移除,测定了土壤质量含水率、干体积质量、水稳性团聚体质量分数、几何平均直径、饱和导水率这5个参数。【结果】表层0～10cm土层的质量含水率在不同移除率间差异性显著,25%移除率在所有处理中最大。不同移除率干体积质量均随时间减小的趋势,0～5 cm内干体积质量降幅随移除率的减小依次为5.5%、4.6%、2.1%、-5.2%、0.4%,5～10cm内降幅依次为2.4%、5.0%、4.2%、0.8%、5.4%。25%移除率下的水稳性团聚体质量分数在5组处理中最大,在4次取样时分别为76.5%、81.2%、74.6%、76.8%。移除率为75%、50%、25%时团聚体的几何平均直径随时间增大,而移除率100%时显著下降,降幅随时间依次为31.2%、14.7%、-42.0%。移除率0%时土壤饱和导水率高达61.1 mm/min,与其余移除率间差异性显著。【结论】25%秸秆移除率能提高西南山丘区紫色土抗蚀抗冲能力,土壤持水透气性增强,表面板结固化现象减少,同时团聚体结构得到改善,能在一定程度上缓解水土流失现象,而100%移除率会使紫色土抗蚀能力减弱,更易遭受侵蚀,造成土壤进一步退化。研究成果为我国西南山丘区紫色土耕地进行田间秸秆的移除提供了参考,确定了一个最佳移除比例。 相似文献
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《节水灌溉》2018,(11)
试验于2012-2014年在吐鲁番进行,通过监测各微喷弥雾调控处理下温度、湿度、果粒体积等指标变化情况,分析微喷弥雾调控对棚架下微气候的影响及对果粒和产量的影响。分析显示:在整个微喷弥雾调控期间,多年平均温度和湿度增量为-2.01℃和9.62%。在果粒上,微喷处理的平均果粒体积增量在2012-2014年的试验中分别比对照处理高3.5、4.4和2.9 cm~3,平均增长速率比对照处理高0.12 cm~3/d。在产量上,微喷处理平均产量在2012-2014年中分别比对照处理高2 627.22、1 295.46和3 733.31 kg/hm~2。说明在滴灌的基础上采用每天喷水1 h的弥雾调控灌溉,使棚架下平均温度在26～29℃、湿度在57%～59%时,可明显增大葡萄果实体积,提高果粒增长速率和葡萄产量。结果表明通过微喷弥雾调控,能够改变棚架下微气候,改善葡萄生长环境,从而促进葡萄果实生长,对葡萄增产起到了一定的作用。该研究为合理调控葡萄园微气候环境提供数据支撑,对提高葡萄品质产量,保障我国重要葡萄基地生产的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
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针对小麦中后期微喷灌湿润区域分布特点，探讨了小麦专用微喷带在不同灌溉影响因素下小麦中后期根区土壤水分运移与分布规律。通过试验测量了微喷带在不同灌溉压力下灌水强度，将有效湿润区域划分为4个子区域，得出不同灌水强度作为灌溉边界条件。考虑小麦根系吸水情况下，建立微喷灌土壤水分运动方程及求解条件。利用HYDRUS-2D模型进行微喷灌数值模拟，通过对比分析模拟结果和试验数据，证明数值模拟能够有效反应土壤含水率分布情况。对微喷带在不同灌溉压力、不同灌水下限和不同铺设间距影响因素下进行模拟分析，结果表明:在灌溉压力0.15 MPa时，有效湿润区域大且水分分布满足小麦根系需求；以田间持水量的60%作为小麦灌水下限，有利于降低微喷带铺设成本、节约灌溉水量和提高灌水利用率；在铺设间距440 cm时，根部土壤水分分布呈一条均匀带状且均匀度都在90%左右。本研究可为小麦专用微喷带铺设与运行提供合理作业参数，同时为小麦节水灌溉提供理论参考。 相似文献
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咸水灌溉对棉花耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用田间对比试验,连续3 a研究了1、3、5、7 g/L 4个矿化度咸水(记作S1、S2、S3、S4)灌溉对棉田土壤水盐、土壤蒸发、棉花阶段耗水量、籽棉产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,棉花生育期内根系层土壤含水率和电导率有随灌溉水矿化度的增加而增大的趋势,土壤电导率增加尤为明显;年际间,各处理土壤含水率和电导率差异非常大,经过连续3 a灌溉,根系层土壤电导率均未逐年增加。S3和S4处理的平均土壤蒸发强度大于S1处理,S2与S1处理间的差异很小;7 g/L以下咸水灌溉对棉花耗水过程产生了一定影响,但对总耗水量影响并不明显。3 a的平均籽棉产量和水分利用效率由大到小顺序均为:S2、S1、S3、S4,S2比S1处理增产2.43%,水分利用效率增加1.15%,S3和S4比S1处理减产1.67%和8.88%,水分利用效率降低0.25%和7.31%,其中,S2和S3与S1处理间差异不显著,S4处理产量和水分利用效率降低显著。 相似文献
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A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation
in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each
and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method
of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality
canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations
with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with
quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and
tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the
three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water
improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only
in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared
to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water
in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use
of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher
water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2,
2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield,
thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal
water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils. 相似文献
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不同灌水方式下春玉米的根系生长分布 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究不同灌水方式对春玉米根系分布的影响,在大田条件下对玉米进行垄植沟灌,设计常规沟灌（CI）、交替隔沟灌溉（AI）和固定隔沟灌溉（FI）3种灌水方式.结果表明,（0,40]cm土层中,根长密度以AI较大,FI较小;（60,100]cm土层中,CI下根长密度较小;FI下的植株两侧根长密度差异明显,CI和AI与之相反.（0,100]cm土层中,监测时期内,AI下的玉米总根长和总根干质量都较大.相较FI,AI下的籽粒产量、生物产量和灌溉水利用率分别提高17.37%,18.42%和17.45%.CI表现介于AI与FI之间.抽雄期、植株两侧和（0,40]cm土层根系生长分布受土壤含水率影响较大.可见,局部灌溉对深层根系生长有利,抽雄期植株两侧（0,40]cm土层根系生长分布受灌水方式影响最大;CI与AI下的根系分布相对均匀;与FI和CI相比,AI方式既能促进根系生长,也有利于产量和灌溉水利用率的提高. 相似文献
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Summary In a previous study conducted at the University of California at Riverside, it was shown that water use of cowpea could be reduced while maintaining seed yields by withholding irrigation during the vegetative stage in a rain-free environment, and then irrigating when estimates based on potential evapotranspiration, indicated 40% depletion of available moisture in 90-cm depth of soil. The general applicability of this efficient irrigation management method was tested by experiments conducted at the West Side Field Station in the San Joaquin Valley of California with six irrigation treatments, three different row spacings (single rows on 76- and 102-cm beds, and double rows on a 102-cm bed), a semi-erect cultivar of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), and a prostrate cultivar of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.).Withholding irrigation during the vegetative stage following pre-irrigation substantially reduced dry matter at anthesis (–17% to –38%) and water use (–101 mm) of cowpea, but did not influence seed yield or shoot dry matter at harvest for either cowpea or lima bean. Increasing the irrigation interval until 75% nominal depletion of available water in 90-cm depth of soil reduced water use (–139 cm), but did not affect seed yield of cowpea. Lima bean, however, showed a significant decrease in shoot dry matter production (–17%) and in seed production (–18%) at the longest irrigation interval involving 75% nominal depletion. The different row spacings used in this experiment did not affect shoot dry matter or seed production of the semi-erect cowpea. However, shoot dry matter and seed yield were significantly greater for the prostrate lima bean grown with double rows on a 102-cm bed. Seed yield was 46% and 18% greater than with single rows on 76-cm and 102-cm beds, respectively. Generally, variations in seed yields of lima bean were positively correlated with variations in shoot dry matter production.Nominal depletion of available soil water provided a practical method for scheduling irrigations, but the results with cowpea indicated that the critical level, which resulted in the greatest reductions in water use while maintaining maximum seed yield varied from 40% (at Riverside) to 75% (at West Side Field Station). Additional methods are needed to fine-tune irrigation which is based mainly on nominal depletion of available water. Generally, pressure chamber estimates of leaf water potential exhibited too little variation among plants subjected to different irrigation treatments for it to be useful for fine-tuning irrigation schedules for either cowpea or lima bean. However, differences in temperature between canopy and air, when expressed as a function of either vapor pressure deficit or canopy temperature, and related to percent reduction in yield, appeared to have sufficient resolution to provide a practical method for fine-tuning irrigation schedules for cowpea during flowering and pod-filling, but not lima bean. Normalizing temperature differences with vapor pressure deficit was more effective, but normalizing with canopy temperatures is more convenient because it does not require a measurement of air humidity. 相似文献
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为了研究膜下滴灌小麦在河套灌区的适用性及根系分布特征,在河套地区开展了常规畦灌小麦与膜下滴灌小麦的对比试验.试验结果表明,膜下滴灌小麦在整个生育期内的保墒作用明显,且其根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度在主要的浸润层0~30 cm均优于CK;种植模式不同时,1膜5行的种植模式的根系指标数值在各个土层内平均大于1膜6行5.9%;灌水水平不同时,充分灌溉促进了0~30 cm土层中的根系生长,而轻度水分亏缺有利于深层土壤中根系的生长.膜下滴灌小麦各处理的产量、作物水分生产率与灌溉水分生产率显著高于CK,产量较CK分别提高了19.6%,14.6%,19.5%,14.7%,作物水分生产率较CK分别提高了28.2%,27.3%,29.6%,27.3%,灌溉水分生产率分别提高了37.1%,40.7%,42%,41.8%.1膜5行的充分灌溉处理不仅促进了根系的生长,同时为产量、作物水分生产率、灌溉水分生产率最优,是兼顾高产与提高作物水分生产率的优良种植模式. 相似文献
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A 2-year study was carried out from 2006 to 2007 to determine the most suitable irrigation management for maximum dry bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in southern Alberta, Canada. Six irrigation management treatments were evaluated
in this study, including scheduling irrigation based on soil water depletion within a 0.30-m root zone, a 0.60-m root zone,
and a split 0.30/0.60-m root zone (a 0.30-m root zone during vegetative growth stages and a 0.60-m root zone at flowering),
and 12, 25, and 50-mm applications of irrigation water based on soil water depletion in a 0.60-m root zone. Plant available
soil water was maintained above 60% in all irrigation management treatments. A significant increase in average seed yield
(15% in 2006 and 46% in 2007) and in WUE (30% in 2006 and 50% in 2007) was found in more frequently irrigated treatments (0.30-m
root zone, split 0.30/0.60-m root zone, and 12-mm application) compared to less frequently irrigated treatments (0.60-m root
zone and 50-mm application). Dry bean seed yield and WUE may be maximized by keeping the majority of roots moist. 相似文献
19.
为探索滴灌条件下棉花优质高效灌溉指标,在新疆石河子研究了地下滴灌(SSDI)和膜下滴灌(SDI)条件下不同灌水控制下限对棉花耗水量、品质以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,相同滴灌模式,棉花蕾期耗水量随灌水控制下限的提高而增加,花铃期水分胁迫处理的棉花阶段耗水量普遍低于对照处理;蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)花铃期充分供水(灌水控制下限为75% FC)处理(SDI-7和SSDI-7)有利于籽棉产量的提高,与对照处理相比,籽棉产量提高了14.48%(SDI-7)和11.60%(SSDI-7);水分处理对棉花衣分、棉纤维整齐度的影响不明显,蕾期和花铃期水分胁迫对棉纤维上半部平均长度的影响随水分胁迫程度的加重而加剧,蕾期适度水分胁迫(灌水控制下限为60% FC)有利于棉纤维断裂比强度的提高.相同水分处理,地下滴灌棉花产量和灌溉水利用率均高于膜下滴灌棉花.与对照处理相比,蕾期和花铃期灌水控制下限分别为60% FC和75% FC,灌水定额为30 mm处理在节约灌溉水的同时提高了籽棉产量并改善了棉纤维品质,可作为石河子垦区滴灌棉花适宜的灌水指标. 相似文献