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1.
为了研究六边形开口方形人工鱼礁阻力系数和侧向力系数与迎流角度、开口比之间的关系,利用水槽模型试验对4种开口比（γty = 0.0625、0.14、0.25、0.39）六边形开口方形人工鱼礁在4种迎流角度(θ = 0°、15°、30°、45°)下的阻力、侧向力进行测定,并计算其阻力系数和侧向力系数。结果表明：1. 六边形开口方形礁体模型阻力Fx(30°) > Fx(45°) > Fx(15°) > Fx(0°),侧向力Fy(30°) > Fy(15°) > Fy(45°) > Fy(0°);礁体模型阻力Fx(30°)是Fx(0°)的1.28 ~ 1.72倍,侧向力Fy(30°)是Fy(0°)的2.8 ~ 11.1倍。迎流角度对礁体模型的阻力以及侧向力可产生较大影响。2. 4种开口比和4种迎流角度下,礁体模型阻力系数CD变化范围为0.98 ~ 1.53。阻力系数CD(30°) > CD(15°) > CD(45°) > CD(0°),阻力系数CD(30°)与CD(0°)比值最大可达1.26倍;3. 4种开口比和4种迎流角度下,礁体模型侧向力系数CL变化范围为0.001 ~ 0.21。侧向力系数CL(30°) > CL(15°) > CL(45°) > CL(0°),侧向力系数CL(30°)与CL(0°)相比最大可达3.5倍。4. 当θ = 30°时,不能忽视侧向力对礁体模型的作用力。 相似文献
2.
为改良南麂列岛海域投放的人工鱼礁礁体存在的沉陷、位移现象,试验研究了人工鱼礁水动力性能,并进行对比验证。采用水槽试验方法,对两种框型人工鱼礁模型在5种水流速度(0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35 m/s)和4种迎流角(0°、15°、30°、45°)条件下的阻力进行测定,并计算阻力系数。以水槽试验所测得的阻力系数,结合波流动力学理论计算两种实物礁体的水阻力、抗滑移系数和抗倾覆系数。结果显示,两种礁体的阻力均与流速呈幂函数关系,在流速v=0.35 m/s时的阻力差比值最低;两种礁体在相同流速下的阻力差比值均随冲角增大而减小;在不同流速下,两种礁体的阻力系数均在冲角θ=15°时差异最小,在θ=45°时差异最大;随着冲角和迎流速度的增加,礁体的抗滑移、抗倾覆系数逐渐减小,两种礁体在海水流速u≥5节、冲角θ≥30°时抗滑移系数<1,但抗倾覆系数始终>1.2。研究表明,改良后的框型鱼礁在稳定性方面有一定的优势。 相似文献
3.
小展弦比立式曲面网板的水动力性能 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为研究不同倾角和迎流冲角下小展弦比立式曲面网板的水动力性能,通过水槽模型实验计算网板的升力系数(CL)、阻力系数(CD)、浮力系数(CZ)和升阻比(K)。结果显示:(1)CL和K随冲角(α)的增加呈先升后降趋势,CD随冲角的增加呈上升趋势;(2)无倾角情况下,冲角为30°时,升力系数最大值CLmax=1.699,此时CD=1.140,K=1.490。冲角为15°时,升阻比最大值Kmax=2.421,此时CL=1.120,CD=0.463;(3)横倾角(β)在-10°～10°变化时,CLmax=1.816(α=25°,β=-10°),Kmax=3.405(α=10°,β=-10°)。横倾角为-5°和-10°时,网板具有一定浮力。冲角为10°～30°时,CZ平均值分别为0.16和0.25;(4)纵倾角(γ)在-10°～10°变化时,CLmax=1.823(α=25°或α=30°,γ=-10°),Kmax=2.729(α=5°,γ=-5°)。纵倾角为-5°、-10°和5°时,网板具有一定浮力。冲角为10°～30°时,CZ平均值分别为0.16、0.18和0.16。结果表明,该网板的最佳工作冲角范围为15°～30°,该冲角范围内网板CL>1.1且K>1.45。 相似文献
4.
米字型人工鱼礁流场数值模拟与水槽实验的比较 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
采用LES(大涡模拟)紊流模式,对定常来流速度下按实际尺寸缩小10倍的米字型人工鱼礁单体附近流场进行三维数值模拟,同时利用相同尺寸的水槽实验验证该数值计算方法的可行性。在数值模拟与水槽实验中分别设置了0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0以及1.2 m/s 6种来流速度,并比较礁体附近三个方向上流速变化的情况。结果表明,数值模拟中约80%的测点速度与水槽实验结果吻合。而且,具有较大差异的值都发生在礁体上方开口中心位置附近的测点,该位置流场变化强烈且水槽实验测量有一定难度,易产生误差,因此对比结果差异较大是可允许的。综合比较结果,初步认为利用三维数值模拟计算方法模拟人工鱼礁的流场变化是可行的,今后可利用该数值计算方法替代复杂的水槽实验,甚至可以对实际投放礁体的原始规格以及所放置的海域进行等比例模拟,更清晰准确地对人工鱼礁周围流场变化进行详细研究。同时对不同结构的人工鱼礁和人工鱼礁群周围的流场进行系统分析,从而实现人工鱼礁的优化配置。 相似文献
5.
为了解侧板结构对八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应的影响，实验基于计算流体力学方法(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)，利用大涡模拟(LES)对4种不同侧板结构的八棱柱型人工鱼礁周围流场变化进行数值模拟，并以上升流体积、背涡流体积和向上输运通量等为流场效应指标进行了分析，同时利用水槽实验对数值模型进行验证。结果显示，水槽实验流速与2种尺寸数值模拟流速的均方根误差最大不超过0.065。0°垂直迎流时，2种来流速度下，A型、C型和D型礁的上升流体积较B型礁最大分别高35.6%、244.1%和80.1%，背涡流体积较B型礁最大分别高193.5%、115.8%和88.8%。C型和D型礁的向上输运通量均大于A型礁，且C型礁最大向上输运通量是D型礁的1.29倍。不同迎流角度下，C型礁和D型礁的上升流体积和背涡流体积在4种角度下差异显著，且迎流面投影面积和上升流体积及背涡流体积之间相关系数较小。研究表明，实验所采用的数值模拟准确可靠；侧板数量增加对于提升八棱柱型人工鱼礁流场效应尤其是上升流效应作用明显；下层侧板固定时，上层为倾斜侧板有利于提升礁体的上升流效应，上层为垂直侧板时... 相似文献
6.
《南方水产科学》2018,(6)
为了探明人工鱼礁对局地潮汐动力等因素的影响规律和机制,根据2016年7月东山海人工鱼礁区内外2个站位的25 h连续观测流速和水位数据,结合数值模拟方法,分析了广东惠州东山海人工鱼礁区建成后对礁区及周边海域潮汐动力等造成的影响。基于数值模拟,对建礁前后模拟结果对比分析获得了潮汐潮流等因子的变化情况。结果显示,模型模拟结果与实测值吻合良好;人工鱼礁区建成后对研究区域的潮汐调和常数和潮汐特性几乎没有影响;人工鱼礁区的部分分潮潮流椭圆会改变方向和转向,礁区外则几乎没有影响;建礁后礁区内部余流方向改变不大,礁区整体余流呈减小趋势;礁区附近水平流场改变明显,但对礁区外部影响范围有限,礁区迎流面有明显上升流,大潮涨急时刻底层上升流最大可达1.2 cm·s~(–1),礁区后部则出现下降流。 相似文献
7.
为在大尺度海洋模型中合理体现透水性人工鱼礁组合，基于海洋数值模式FVCOM（finite volume community ocean model）模拟了大陈岛拟建人工鱼礁区的水动力情况，比较了阻滞力法、实心礁法和附加底摩擦法在投礁前后的垂向流速、礁顶平面流速、水体向上输运通量和背涡流体积的差异，并根据投礁前后的流速差异，应用经验公式预测了投礁一年后底床泥沙冲淤情况。数值模拟结果表明，礁体组合迎流面产生上升流，礁体背流面流速减小，涨急时刻所形成缓流区长度在礁体组合长度20倍以上，年底床淤积厚度约0.05 m。阻滞力法以减少来流的动态功率密度来模拟礁体对水流的阻滞作用，可有效合理地实现对透水性人工鱼礁流场效应的模拟，避免了实心礁法在透水性鱼礁模拟中过高估计流场效应的问题，也没有附加底摩擦法只适用于低矮礁体的缺陷。阻滞力法可根据透水性礁体的造型、迎流面积、组合个数、布放方式和所处水层而设置各向和各水层的阻流参数，不仅适用于置底型透水性鱼礁，也适用于浮鱼礁。阻滞力法的建立、完善和应用对于今后的人工鱼礁水动力学和生态动力学研究具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
人工鱼礁建设是改善底栖生境、提高底栖动物多样性和资源丰度的重要措施之一，其建设效果与投放时间长短密切相关。为了探究投礁时长对大型底栖动物营养关系的影响，实验应用稳定同位素技术对比分析了莱州湾芙蓉岛海域不同礁龄人工鱼礁区和对照区大型底栖动物及其食源的碳、氮稳定同位素组成，计算了不同区域大型底栖动物的食物基础以及消费者的营养级。结果显示：①长礁龄区、短礁龄区和对照区的大型底栖动物δ13C值分别为−25.08‰~−13.34‰、−25.86‰~−17.80‰和−25.39‰~−11.06‰；δ15N值分别为10.73‰~15.78‰、10.02‰~14.89‰和10.17‰~15.80‰。②相较于短礁龄区和对照区，长礁龄区底栖动物群落营养多样性更高，食物来源多样性水平更高，群落内营养生态位更加多样化，群落结构稳定性较好。③以食性为依据，将大型底栖动物分为浮游生物食者 (Pl)、肉食者 (C)、碎屑食者 (D)和杂食者 (O)等4类摄食功能群，在4类潜在食源 [浮游植物、浮游动物、水体悬浮颗粒有机物 (POM)和沉积物有机物 (SOM)]中，浮游植物碳源对除肉食者外的3类消费者的平均贡献率最高 (31.40%)。④长礁龄区、短礁龄区和对照区的消费者营养级分别为2.00~3.83、2.00~3.49和2.00~3.87；此外在长礁龄区出现了相对多的高营养级捕食者，从而证实长礁龄区的底栖动物群落具有更复杂的营养结构。同时发现，人工鱼礁建设能使大型底栖动物更充分地利用浮游植物碳源，并且能够增加底栖动物群落的营养多样性和丰富度，促进群落中较高营养级动物的增加。本研究结果有助于了解人工鱼礁建设的环境生态效应，为进一步研究底栖生境食物网的物质循环和能量流动提供了基础资料。 相似文献
9.
定量仔稚鱼采样网的使用有利于评估渔业资源补充量和群体数量的动态变化, 为进一步提升渔业资源的可持续利用提供决策依据。为掌握采样网用沉降板水动力特性, 本研究利用水槽模型实验探究仔稚鱼采样网用台字形沉降板在不同倾斜姿态下(内、外、前、后)的水动力性能变化, 并利用 OpenFOAM 的数值模拟方法分析不同姿态下沉降板周围流场变化。结果显示: (1) 不同姿态下沉力系数随倾角和冲角增大均呈先增大后减小趋势, 其均在倾角 5°时达到最大, 内、外倾斜下最大值分别为 1.75 和 1.77 (α=25°), 前、后倾斜下最大值均为 1.78 (α=25°); 阻力系数随倾角增大逐渐减小, 随冲角增大逐渐增大; 沉阻比随倾角和冲角增大均呈先增大后减小趋势, 内、外倾斜下分别在倾角 20°和 10°时最大, 为 3.73 和 3.76 (α=20°), 前、后倾斜下均在倾角 5°时最大, 分别为 3.67 和 3.71 (α=20°)。压力中心系数在不同冲角下基本保持不变, Cpc 随倾角增大逐渐增大, Cpb 随倾角增大基本保持不变。(2) 沉降板外侧的流速随倾角增大逐渐减小; 外倾状态下沉降板边界层分离点随倾角增大逐渐向翼板前缘移动; 前、后倾状态下沉降板后部的流速衰减区随倾角增大逐渐增大。本研究阐明了不同倾斜状态下沉降板的水动力性能变化, 为进一步合理安装和调整沉降板工作姿态提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
人工鱼礁是实现海洋牧场建设、海域生态调控和海洋生境修复的主要手段之一。人工鱼礁的聚鱼效果主要取决于礁体建造材料、结构造型、流体力学特征及礁体布局等因素。总结了国内外人工鱼礁工程技术的发展历程,阐述了我国人工鱼礁发展存在的问题。通过查阅文献资料,总结了礁体造型和设计方面的研究进展,主要包括:现有人工鱼礁礁体材料的优、缺点,新型复合材料应用空间等;主要礁体构型及现有设计方法;采用流体力学模型试验和数值计算,开展礁体水动力学行为研究的进展;人工诱导流场和人工鱼礁布局主要方法。结合我国人工鱼礁现状,提出人工鱼礁设计与应用的发展趋势和重点研究方向,以期为我国人工鱼礁建造和升级提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Michael H. Meeuwig Christopher S. Guy Wade A. Fredenberg 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2011,20(2):315-325
Abstract – Bull trout, a species of char listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act, have been displaced from portions of their historic range following the introduction of nonnative lake trout. It has been suggested that competitive exclusion as a result of trophic overlap between bull trout and lake trout may be the causal mechanism associated with displacement of bull trout. This study used stable isotope data to evaluate trophic relationships among native bull trout, nonnative lake trout and other fishes in seven lakes in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. Bull trout and lake trout had greater δ15N values relative to other fishes among lakes (δ15N ≥ 3.0‰). Lake trout had greater δ15N values relative to bull trout (δ15N = +1.0‰). Bull trout had greater δ13C values relative to lake trout in six of the seven lakes examined. Although both bull trout and lake trout had greater δ15N values relative to other fishes within lakes in GNP, differences in δ15N and δ13C between bull trout and lake trout suggest that they are consuming different prey species or similar prey species in different proportions. Therefore, displacement of bull trout as a direct result of complete overlap in food resource use is not anticipated unless diet shifts occur or food resources become limiting. Additionally, future studies should evaluate food habits to identify important prey species and sources of partial dietary overlap between bull trout and lake trout. 相似文献
12.
Nunn AD, Copp GH, Vilizzi L, Carter MG. Seasonal and diel patterns in the migrations of fishes between a river and a floodplain tributary. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 153–162. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract – The population behaviours associated with the migrations of fishes in lowland river ecosystems are amongst the most poorly-understood dispersal mechanisms of temperate freshwater organisms. This study evaluated the influence of four environmental variables (light levels, river discharge, water temperature and water velocity) on the timing, intensity and direction of fish movements between the River Avon (Hampshire, England) and a small floodplain tributary, Ibsley Brook, over a 12-month period. Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify patterns of movement (by groups of species) and the relative strengths of explanatory variables in the data, the probability of fishes migrating between the river and tributary was determined using Bayesian modelling. The intensity and direction of fish movements between the river and tributary varied temporally, both on a diel and seasonal basis, and there were species- and age-specific patterns in behaviour. Diel movements appeared to be triggered by changes in light intensity and brook water velocity, whereas seasonal movements were mostly driven by changes in river discharge and water temperature, particularly those associated with floods. This study emphasises the importance of connectivity in river systems, as fishes migrated in all conditions, but especially during rapidly-rising discharge. 相似文献
Abstract – The population behaviours associated with the migrations of fishes in lowland river ecosystems are amongst the most poorly-understood dispersal mechanisms of temperate freshwater organisms. This study evaluated the influence of four environmental variables (light levels, river discharge, water temperature and water velocity) on the timing, intensity and direction of fish movements between the River Avon (Hampshire, England) and a small floodplain tributary, Ibsley Brook, over a 12-month period. Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify patterns of movement (by groups of species) and the relative strengths of explanatory variables in the data, the probability of fishes migrating between the river and tributary was determined using Bayesian modelling. The intensity and direction of fish movements between the river and tributary varied temporally, both on a diel and seasonal basis, and there were species- and age-specific patterns in behaviour. Diel movements appeared to be triggered by changes in light intensity and brook water velocity, whereas seasonal movements were mostly driven by changes in river discharge and water temperature, particularly those associated with floods. This study emphasises the importance of connectivity in river systems, as fishes migrated in all conditions, but especially during rapidly-rising discharge. 相似文献
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Immunogenicity of vaccines from a virulent and an a virulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract. Injected vaccines consisting of formalin-killed cells and extracellular antigens prepared from a virulent and an avirulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida were tested for their efficacy in protecting juvenile coho salmon. Oncorhychus kisutch (Walbaum). Against experimental furunculosis following active and passive immunization. Sera used in the passive immunization experiments were raised in subadult coho salmon and in rabbits. Results indicated that the avirulent strain was inferior to the virulent strain in its immunogenicity for coho salmon. Thus, even though avirulent cells possessed at least one immunogen–an immunogen that was show in passive immunization experiments to be well recognized by rabbits–the immunogen was only inefficiently protection when vaccinated with avirulent cells. Furher, extracellular antigens of the avirulent strain were not protective for coho salmon even though they elicited the production of anti- A. salmonicida agglutinins. In contrast, the killed cells and extracellular antigens of the virulent strain were both immunogenic in coho salmon. By passively immunizing coho salmon with rabbit sera raised against the virulent and the virulent strain produced at least two immunogens, only one of which was shared in common with the avirulent strain. The extra immunogen possessed by the virulent strain is presumably responsible for its superior immunogenicity in coho salmon; the immunogen had the properties of a protein and is believed to be the A-protein. 相似文献
16.
A case of parakeratosis in pigs due to secondary zinc deficiency (zinc/calcium ratio 0.4 g/100 g; 68.7 mg zinc, 17.1 g calcium per kg food) is reported. Morbidity and symptoms were much more marked in growing boars than in female animals of the same age. In sows the disorder appeared ten days after the first symptoms were seen in the boars. Adult breeding pigs developed no signs of parakeratosis. 相似文献
17.
Performance and operation of a rotating biological contactor in a tilapia recirculating aquaculture system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper describes the performance characteristics of an industrial-scale air-driven rotating biological contactor (RBC) installed in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) rearing tilapia at 28 °C. This three-staged RBC system was configured with stages 1 and 2 possessing approximately the same total surface area and stage 3 having approximately 25% smaller. The total surface area provided by the RBC equaled 13,380 m2. Ammonia removal efficiency averaged 31.5% per pass for all systems examined, which equated to an average (± standard deviation) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) areal removal rate of 0.43 ± 0.16 g/m2/day. First-order ammonia removal rate (K1) constants for stages 1–3 were 2.4, 1.5, and 3.0 h−1, respectively. The nitrite first-order rate constants (K2) were higher, averaging 16.2 h−1 for stage 1, 7.7 h−1 for stage 2, and 9.0 h−1 stage 3. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels decreased an averaged 6.6% per pass across the RBC. Concurrently, increasing influent DOC concentrations decreased ammonia removal efficiency. With respect to dissolved gas conditioning, the RBC system reduced carbon dioxide concentrations approximately 39% as the water flowed through the vessel. The cumulative feed burden – describes the mass of food delivered to the system per unit volume of freshwater added to the system daily – ranged between 5.5 and 7.3 kg feed/m3 of freshwater; however, there was no detectable relationship between the feed loading rate and ammonia oxidation performance. 相似文献
18.
从草鱼肠道分离出1株枯草芽孢杆菌, 有较强的活性。该菌产生的纤维素酶粗酶液, 经盐析、透析, 并通过葡聚糖凝胶层析柱Sephadex G - 75分离纯化, 经SDS- PAGE后表明第2峰已纯化, 得到一种相对分子质量约为62. 43 kD纤维素酶。分离纯化后该酶的比活力提高了2. 924 倍, 回收率为6. 38%。酶学试验研究表明: 该酶的最适反应温度为55e , 最适pH 值为7. 0; L inew eaver- Burk法求得动力学参数, K m 和Vm ax分别为1. 02 @ 10- 3 g /mL、2. 727 @ 10- 2mg /( mL# m in)。 相似文献
19.