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1.
To develop an effective system for parentage analysis in gynogenetic and clonal progeny of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., polymorphic microsatellite loci and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were investigated in several gynogenetic families and clonal lines. Six microsatellite loci were screened in two meiotic gynogenetic families to look for loci with high gene–centromere recombination rates, which can be used to discriminate meiotic from mitotic gynogenetics. Microsatellite loci UNH189 and UNH211 showed 96.7% and 92.0% heterozygosity, respectively, in these families, while other loci showed lower recombination frequencies. Scoring both UNH189 and UNH211 would give a very low probability of an individual meiotic gynogenetic being homozygous for both loci. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of microsatellite loci was used to verify parentage in four families of mitotic gynogenetics and five fully inbred clonal lines. The genotype of each clonal line should serve as a unique identifier. Twelve AFLP primers were also investigated and 26 diagnostic AFLP bands were identified to follow inheritance in mitotic gynogenetic individuals. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were found to be effective for this purpose but microsatellites were more appropriate since they are co‐dominant, while AFLPs are dominant markers. A multiplex of the microsatellite loci used in this study would be useful for general parental assignment as well as for the analysis of the products of chromosome set manipulations.  相似文献   

2.
有丝分裂雌核发育牙鲆的微卫星鉴定   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
通过静水压抑制卵裂方法获得多个牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)有丝分裂雌核发育家系,在仔鱼阶段经历大批死亡后,将各个家系残存的个体混合饲养,24个月后获得1批存活个体。利用11对微卫星分子标记,对173尾有丝分裂雌核发育牙鲆进行分析,结果表明,其中111尾在11位点全部纯合,62尾在部分位点杂合,平均杂合子比例为0.2338。11个位点的等位基因数为4～8,平均等位基因数为5.0336,有效等位基因数为2.0421～5.1268,平均有效等位基因数为3.2815。采用NJ法对111尾纯合牙鲆的亲缘关系进行聚类分析,可分为4群。微卫星标记鉴定结果表明,通过静水压抑制卵裂法可以获得完全纯合的牙鲆,但有部分杂合个体出现。分析其原因,可能是由于某些卵子发育不同步,静水压抑制其第二极体排出而非全部抑制卵裂,导致减数分裂雌核发育所致。  相似文献   

3.
为了解黄姑鱼（Nibea albiflora）异质雌核发育子代的基因纯合情况,利用微卫星标记（SSR）和扩增片段长度多态性标记（AFLP）对黄姑鱼异质雌核发育家系进行遗传鉴定和分析。结果显示：（1）雌核发育家系在4个SSR位点和5对AFLP引物组合扩增出的位点均未发现父本特异性等位条带,表明雌核发育体比率为100%。（2）用于遗传分析的7个SSR位点在雌核发育家系和正常交配家系中均未见完全纯合的情况,雌核发育家系7个SSR位点的平均纯合度为0.382,是正常交配家系（0.161）的2.37倍。雌核发育家系各个体的纯合位点数为0~6个,纯合位点所占比例为0~85.7%。（3）5对AFLP引物共扩增出182条清晰的扩增条带,其中有21条父本特异性条带和16条母本特异性条带。16条母本特异性条带中有7个条带在雌核发育家系中显著偏分离（P<0.05）。雌核发育家系和正常交配家系多态性条带比例分别为14.7%和20.3%。（4）雌核发育家系与母本的遗传相似度高于与正常交配家系的遗传相似度,正常交配家系同父本和母本的遗传距离大致相同。研究结果表明,黄姑鱼异质雌核发育二倍体家系的遗传纯合度显著高于正常交配家系,人工诱导雌核发育是促进基因纯合的一个有效途径,它不仅可以加速有利基因的纯合固定,还可以加速有害基因的淘汰,从而有效提高育种效率。  相似文献   

4.
A range of phenotypic characters were measured and their mean and coefficient of variation (CV) calculated in meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic individuals and normal diploids produced from the same full-sib family of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). The traits studied in all three groups were weight, length, various fin ray and scale counts, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and reproductive response. The study revealed two main trends in the majority of the traits studied in the gynogenetic fish: a decrease in the mean of each trait in the ranked order normal diploid > meiotic gynogenetic > mitotic gynogenetic, and an expansion of its phenotypic variation (CV) in the order normal diploid < meiotic gynogenetic < mitotic gynogenetic. This could be related to the levels of genetic homozygosity and a possible reduction in developmental homeostasis in the gynogenetics. The utility and potential of gynogenetic individuals in research and the use of the technique in the improvement of fish strains for aquaculture are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract Optimum conditions for hydrostatic pressure treatment for duplication of chromosome set in gynogenetically activated fighting fish, Betta splendens (Regan), eggs were identified. Maximum survival of heterozygous gynogens was 50%, when 2·5-min-old eggs, after insemination with UV irradiated tilapia sperm, were pressure shocked at 7000psi for 6 min. The frequency (21%) of homozygous gynogenetic fry was high, when the 34min (post-insemination) old eggs, which were inseminated with tilapia sperm, were pressure shocked for 5 min. Sex ratio of gynogenetic progeny suggested that the mechanism of sex determination in this fish is homogametic female and heterogametic male.  相似文献   

6.
Gynogenetic diploids were induced in the loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, by applying cold shock to the egg after fertilization with spermatozoa genetically inactivated by ultraviolet-ray irradiation, to examine their survival, growth and fertility. Eggs were obtained from orange phenotype loach (homozygous for a recessive demelanogenesis gene). Spermatozoa were obtained from black phenotype loach (homozygous for a dominant melanogenesis gene), and from common carp, Cyprinus carpio. All hybrids between loach and carp were inviably abnormal.Eggs fertilized with loach or carp spermatozoa irradiated at doses of 6000 and 12000 erg/mm 2 and then treated with cold water (1°C for one hour 4 and 5 min after fertilization developed into embryos with 61–78% survival. About 70–87% of newly-hatched fry were normal in appearance. Gynogenetic fish induced by both loach and carp spermatozoa showed lower rates of survival and growth than did the normal diploid controls. All gynogenetic fish from carp spermatozoa were female and 94.9% of the gynogenetic fish from loach spermatozoa were female. The second gynogenetic offsprings were produced from females selected from both gynogenetic groups.  相似文献   

7.
The Japanese flounder is a major species in both aquaculture and research. Inbred strains of Japanese flounder were developed efficiently in our laboratory by meiotic and mitotic gynogenetic reproduction techniques. To determine the induction efficiency of gynogenesis and the rate at which full homozygosity is produced, six meiotic gynogenetic females (G1–G6) that had experienced meiotic gynogenesis once and three common females (C1–C3) were selected for production of mitotic gynogenesis in our experiments. Of the nine adult females, all six gynogenetic fish successfully produced viable offspring. However, only one of the three common fish did. Using microsatellite markers, we estimated the homozygosity of gynogenetic fish induced by mitotic gynogenesis. We found that the homozygosity of seven lines (C1, G1–G6) increased quickly, individually from 43%, 72%, 69%, 71%, 78%, 69% and 58% to 100%, 100%, 100%, 90%, 100%, 100% and 90% offspring complete homozygosity. Under mitotic gynogenesis, individuals with higher homozygosity had a higher induction rate. The G4 line showed the highest induction rate, achieving 44.59% convert hatching rate and 29.28% convert normality rate. We conclude that meiotic gynogenesis may be a feasible method to produce DH genetic material in Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

8.
淇河鲫（Carassius auratus）为河南省的传统优质特色水产品种之一,是我国著名的鲫地方品种。本研究利用15个微卫星标记从85尾淇河鲫样品中共鉴定出21个克隆系,在其中6个克隆系中检测到18尾雄性个体。结果表明：淇河鲫是两性型雌核发育三倍体,遗传多样性水平较高。多元统计分析显示：体高、体宽、背鳍基长等3个性状对体质量的影响达到了极显著的水平（P〈0.01）,这一结果与体高背厚的淇河鲫种质较优异的生产经验一致。本研究结果提示：可以借鉴两性型雌核发育方正银鲫育种成功经验来开展淇河鲫品种的选育,在选育过程中应关注淇河鲫体高背厚的形态特点。  相似文献   

9.
雌核发育草鱼的遗传结构分析和微卫星鉴别方法的建立   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用微卫星标记检测草鱼群体的遗传多样性,并根据纯合度的变化建立了雌核发育草鱼的鉴别技术。结果显示,8个位点共扩增出33个等位基因;在普通草鱼中,平均纯合度和PIC分别为0.203 1和0.552 8;在雌核发育群体中,则为0.716 1和0.357 2;2个群体间遗传相似度为0.873 3。其中,5个位点在雌核发育草鱼中纯合度明显提高,雌核发育草鱼在这5个位点的扩增总条带数为5~7个,普通草鱼则为8~10个,由此可100%区分2个草鱼群体。通过概率计算,理论鉴别概率达到99.92%。研究表明,雌核发育技术对草鱼的群体遗传结构改变较大,是快速建立纯系、固定优良性状的有效手段;根据群体遗传纯合度的改变、扩增条带数目差异,应用多态性微卫星分子标记可以简单、有效地区分雌核发育群体(或与之相似的高度近交群体)与普通群体。  相似文献   

10.
The Japanese ornamental (koi) carp is a popular decorative fish all over the world. In koi, clones have not yet been obtained, although production of fish with identical colour patterns could be of commercial interest. Mitotic gynogenetic progenies are essential for subsequent production of clones in fish. However, resulting late‐shocked progenies may be contaminated with meiotic gynogens from spontaneous suppression of the second meiotic division in eggs. In this study, microsatellite DNA markers were used to confirm mitotic gynogenetic origin of obtained late‐shocked progenies. Recombination rate (y) and mapping distance relative to centromere (M‐C) of 10 microsatellite loci were determined based on percentage of heterozygotes in meiotic gynogenetic progenies. The range of y varied from 0.01 to 0.96 and the M‐C map ranged from 0.5 to 48 cM. The mean value of y over the 10 loci was 0.481. Six loci, which had y 0.47 and higher, were used as markers in two late‐shocked gynogenetic progenies. Complete homozygosity was revealed at all six microsatellite loci indicating mitotic gynogenetic origin of analysed progenies.  相似文献   

11.
《水生生物资源》2003,16(5):408-415
The development of techniques for production of gynogenetic, androgenetic, polyploid, and monosex progenies in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is described from a chronological perspective. Gynogenetic progenies were obtained either by suppression of the second meiotic division in eggs (meiotic gynogenesis) or by suppression of the first mitotic division in haploid embryos (mitotic gynogenesis). As a rule, gynogenetic progenies of common carp were all-female, revealing female homogamety (females—XX, males—XY) in this species. Induced gynogenesis results in increased homozygosity; the rate of increase depends on the type of gynogenesis. Inbreeding coefficient (F) for one generation of meiotic gynogenesis in common carp is about 0.6, while diploids obtained by mitotic gynogenesis are homozygous for all genes (F = 1.0). Mitotic gynogenesis was used for production of clones in common carp. In androgenetic progenies of common carp, YY males were identified, that after crossing with normal females (XX) produced all-male progenies. Triploids of common carp are characterized by a significant reduction in gonad development (especially ovaries). However, the reduction in gonad development did not result in an increase of somatic growth rate of fish. The procedure for androgen treatment to induce phenotypic sex reversal in genotypic females (XX) was elaborated. All-female progenies of common carp were produced on a large scale by crossing normal females (XX) with hormonally sex-reversed males (XX). Rearing of all-female progenies in conditions when fish normally reach sexual maturity before reaching of market size increased production yield by 7–8%. In a few cases distant hybridization resulted in polyploidy of fish without application of any physical treatment. The ability of hybrid females between crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp to produce diploid (with unreduced chromosome number) gametes resulted in opportunities to produce triploid and tetraploid hybrid progenies.  相似文献   

12.
Gynogenesis was induced using heterologous sperms in large-scale loach, Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Sauvage), in which a ZW/ZZ sex determination was previously proposed. Three microsatellite loci were used to monitor exclusive maternal inheritance of gynogenetic progenies. The results showed that high percentages of meiogynogens were produced at 4 min post-fertilization and mitogynogens were produced at 18 min post-fertilization by heat shocks, while meiotic gynogenesis was induced by cold shocks within a wide period and high heterozygosity was even observed in gynogens produced at 24 min post-fertilization. The sex ratios of the F1 progenies in three gynogenetic families were significantly deviated from 1:1 expectation with a female bias in two families and a male bias in one family (P < 0.05), and the other four gynogenetic families showed approximate 1:1 sex ratios. Moreover, the self-mating between gynogenetic F1 progenies and mating between gynogenetic F1 progenies and normal individuals produced all-female progenies or identical proportions of females and males. The data of sex ratios generally confirmed that the sex determination in large-scale loach was determined by the putative ZW/ZZ system, and the possible reasons causing the biased sex ratios are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
Four clonal lines of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, were produced from mitotic-gynogenetic diploids, mixed before hatching and reared communally. After 9 months, the clonal fish were sacrificed for measurement of body size, morphometric relationships, and meristic counts. DNA fingerprinting was used to confirm the clonal nature of the fish and to identify the clonal line of origin for each fish.

Significant differences were observed among clonal lines for almost all body size, morphometric and meristic measures. Such differences are suggested to represent genotypic difference among clonal lines given the common environmental conditions provided to all the experimental groups, assuming that the genotype-environment interaction was negligible.

By applying the human twin model, genetic and environmental variances in the clonal population was estimated after the clonal lines were separated by DNA fingerprinting. Heritability estimates for data collected at 9 months were relatively high for body size and varied from low to high in meristic and morphometric traits. These results suggest the possible usage of clonal lines as a control fish for estimation of heritability of traits important to aquaculture.  相似文献   


14.
Four clonal lines of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel, were produced through gynogenesis, mixed before hatching and reared communally. After 10 months, a randomly taken sample was subjected to a standardized shallow-water stressor. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cells count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were obtained from stressed and non-stressed fish. DNA fingerprinting was used to confirm the clonal nature of the organisms and to identify the clonal line to which each fish belonged. We observed significant differences between clonal lines mostly in the haematocrit and MCV measured under no-stress conditions. Such differences are suggested to represent mainly genetic variance, on account of the common environment provided to all the experimental groups. The stress response ratio was lower than expected, mainly due to some unexpectedly high non-stress values. Heritability values (h2) were medium to high for the no-stress measurements (mean 0.238) and very low or zero for the stressed groups’traits (excepting one high value of 0.484). We conclude that the use of communally reared clonal lines represents a good tool for the characterization of the physiological traits, thus allowing for their utilization as genetic selection criteria.  相似文献   

15.
The honmoroko has been inferred to have an XX/XY sex determination system, but the parental genome can also affect the sex ratio of the offspring. The extent of parental effects on sex determination was examined by checking the sex ratios of F1 and F2 gynogenetic diploids and control diploids. Eleven gynogenetic broods from different females consisted of all or nearly all females, but eight broods showed a variable proportion of males (<50 %). One second-generation brood of gynogenetic diploids consisted wholly of females, but others produced some males. In crosses with a control diploid female, four males from a high-percentage male brood of gynogenetic diploids produced offspring with a balanced sex ratio. Sib-mating between a gynogenetic female and three gynogenetic males from the brood produced predominantly male progeny. These results suggest that there are at least four possible genotypes: genotypic female (XX), phenotypic female carrying a silent Y chromosome, genotypic male (XY), and genotypic supermale (YY). These inferences suggest that this fish has an XY system but a relatively high proportion of females possess a mutated, silent Y chromosome which does not lead to testis formation.  相似文献   

16.
为了分析连锁群上不同位置的微卫星标记对鉴定牙鲆二倍体遗传特征的作用,实验以牙鲆选育基础群体为亲本,选择性腺发育良好的个体制备普通二倍体(ND),减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(MGD-1)、连续两代减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(MGD-2),并利用MGD-1发育达性成熟的雌鱼与同时诱导的性反转伪雄鱼交配制备近交二倍体(MGD1H)。从牙鲆遗传连锁图谱选择均匀分布于24个连锁群的72个微卫星标记,用4个MGD-1家系估计微卫星标记与着丝粒之间的相对距离。在假设无交叉干涉的情况下,17个标记位于着丝粒区域,19个标记位于连锁群中部,36个标记位于远着丝粒区域。分别选择上述区域的微卫星标记鉴定牙鲆4种二倍体的遗传特征。结果显示,4种二倍体的等位基因数(A)和多态信息含量(PIC)在不同区域变化范围较小,ND的A和PIC均为最高,MGD1H则表现为最低。随着标记与着丝粒之间距离的增加,4种二倍体的观测杂合度逐渐升高,纯合度逐渐降低。纯合个体比例在着丝粒区域最高,为8.8%～29.1%;在远着丝粒区域最低,为2.4%～23.2%。其中,MGD-1和MGD-2的变化幅度显著高于其余二倍体。结果表明,选择连锁群上不同位置的微卫星标记对鉴定牙鲆不同二倍体的遗传特征具有显著影响。  相似文献   

17.
牙鲆连续两代减数分裂雌核发育家系的遗传特征   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  
对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)减数分裂雌核发育二倍体(Meio-G1)再次诱导减数分裂雌核发育,获得连续两代雌核发育二倍体家系(Meio-G2),以Meio-G1亲本与1尾普通牙鲆雄鱼人工授精获得的家系作为对照组(control)。利用15个微卫星标记对3个家系进行遗传特征分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点在Meio-G1、Meio-G2和对照组3个家系中,分别扩增到30、28、50个等位基因,平均等位基因数为2.0、1.9、3.3,平均观测杂合度(Ho)分别为0.875 3、0.774 2、0.908 3,平均纯合度分别为0.124 7、0.221 5、0.091 7。3个家系个体间的平均遗传相似系数分别为0.891 7、0.923 8、0.520 2,亲代与子代之间的平均相似系数分别为0.916 6、0.930 4、0.560 3。高重组率的Poli9-8tuf、Poli18tuf、Poli107tuf 3个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中观测杂合度均为1.0,低重组率的Poli33tuf、Poli24MHFS两个位点在Meio-G1和Meio-G2中均全部纯合,观测杂合度为0。结果表明,Meio-G2的纯合度、个体间平均相似系数以及亲子之间的平均相似度均略高于Meio-G1,显著高于对照组家系,证明连续两代诱导减数分裂雌核发育,能提高鱼类纯合度和遗传相似度,具有固定母本遗传性状的作用。  相似文献   

18.
ENU诱变草鱼及其雌核发育后代的微卫星遗传分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为了获得雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼(Cetpharyngodon idellus)群体的相关遗传参数,实验采用Partec Cy Flow倍性分析仪测定ENU诱变草鱼群体(Q群体)和雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼群体(E群体)相对DNA含量分别为24.02和23.80,二者的DNA含量接近,均为二倍体。选取28个微卫星标记对Q群体和E群体多样性进行了检测。结果表明,E群体和Q群体的平均等位基因分别为3.7143、5.1786,平均有效等位基因分别为2.1857、4.0028,平均期望纯合度分别为0.5122、0.2814,平均期望杂合度分别为0.4878、0.7186,多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.4282、0.6606。从个体在微卫星位点的纯合率分析,在E群体中,每个个体的纯合度均小于1.00,说明没有完全纯合的个体。从每个微卫星位点在群体的纯合率分析,除了微卫星位点5476,HLJC118和HLJC81外,其他位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到明显的提高。综上所述,经过减数雌核发育方法,ENU诱变草鱼群体的各微卫星位点的纯合度以不同的速率得到提升,遗传多样性明显降低,此方法可以获得纯合度较高的雌核发育ENU诱变草鱼个体,为ENU诱变草鱼良种选育提供了重要的遗传数据资料。  相似文献   

19.
Larval growth and gonadal differentiation of gynogenetic sterlet Acipenser ruthenus were studied. The gynogenetic fish were produced by activation of albino sterlet eggs with UV‐irradiated sperm (collected from healthy coloration specimens), following by a heat shock of 34°C. Embryos were reared at 18.0 ± 0.5°C in a recirculation system and initially fed with Artemia sp. for 4 weeks and then fed with formulated feed. During the experiment, the length and weight of fish were recorded for the gynogenetic and control groups. Additionally, the analysis of gonadal sex differentiation was conducted with a 2‐week interval at 289, 303, 317, 331, 345 and 373 DPH. The mean body weight of the control group was significantly higher (p < .05) than the gynogenetic group only at 345 and 373 DPH, while the mean total body length was significantly higher at 331 and 345 DPH (p < .05). The gonad investigation was started at 289 DPH, and ~80% of females were found in the gynogenetic group during the trial period while the number of females and males was similar at 303, 331 and 373 DPH in the control group. The first symptoms of morphological differentiation appeared at 289 DPH, and the final shaping macroscopic structure of the gonad took place earlier in females than in males.  相似文献   

20.
Effective methods for induction of gynogenetic diploids in Cynoglossus semilaevis are needed to initiate monosex culture. An effective protocol to induce half‐smooth tongue sole gynogenesis using homologous sperm was developed in this study. A UV dose of 50 mJ cm?2 was found to be the most effective for genetic inactivation of tongue sole sperm. Treatment optima for cold shocks were 5 °C for 20–23 min at 5 min after fertilization and the hatching rate of gynogenetic diploids was 10.0%. Microsatellite analysis at locus Csou 6 revealed that there was no genetic contribution from the paternal genome in 24 progenies of a meiotic gynogenetic family. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that only four individuals of 24 meiotic gynogenetic diploids produced the female‐specific band of about 205 bp. The female/male ratio of gynogenetic diploids was significantly different from the theoretical ratio of 1:1. It is possible that there are some recessive lethal genes in W chromosome.  相似文献   

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