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1.
张翼 《海洋渔业》2013,35(3):278
通过设计3个温度(18℃、22℃、26℃)×3个盐度(17、25、34)×3个锶元素组(1x、2x、3x)来研究环境因子对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)耳石中锶元素沉积的影响。结果表明:不同温度条件下,耳石中Sr/Ca值与海水中的Sr/Ca值均呈线性关系;温度和盐度对耳石锶分配系数均具有显著的促进作用;锶元素浓度对耳石锶分配系数具有显著的抑制作用;影响耳石Sr/Ca值的环境因子中,海水Sr/Ca值的影响最大,温度的影响其次,盐度的影响最小;温度、盐度和锶元素浓度差异较大时,对耳石锶分配系数都具有显著的交互作用;在没有添加锶元素的实验组(低锶组)中,温度(18℃和26℃)和盐度(17和34)对耳石锶分配系数具有显著的交互作用;水温较高(26℃)时,锶元素浓度和盐度对耳石锶分配系数具有显著的交互作用。  相似文献   

2.
在盐度30和水温20 ℃条件下,分别配制钙离子ρ（Ca2＋）质量浓度为200 mg·L-1（A组）、400 mg·L-1（B组,对照）、800 mg·L-1（C组）、1 600 mg·L-1（D组）和3 000 mg·L-1（E组）的人工海水,研究了水体ρ（Ca2＋）对褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）幼鱼鱼体和耳石元素成分的影响。经60 d养殖发现褐牙鲆鱼体中仅钙（Ca）、锌（Zn）和铜（Cu）质量分数差异不显著（P〉0.05）;鱼体中磷（P）、钠（Na）、镁（Mg）、锶（Sr）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）和镍（Ni）质量分数随水体ρ（Ca2＋）的增加而下降。不同ρ（Ca2＋）对褐牙鲆幼鱼耳石长、宽、长宽比和耳石质量影响显著（P〈0.05）。低浓度A组耳石长和耳石宽显著低于B组和C组,A组耳石长宽比（L/W）显著低于D组,A组的耳石质量显著低于B组和D组（P〈0.05）。其中w（Sr）随ρ（Ca2＋）的增加显著下降,锶/钙（Sr/Ca）比、镁/钙（Mg/Ca）比随ρ（Ca2＋）增加而下降。结果表明,水体ρ（Ca2＋）对褐牙鲆鱼体成分、耳石形成及组分产生明显影响,ρ（Ca2＋）能够影响鱼体和耳石元素的累积。  相似文献   

3.
通过设计3个温度(18℃、22℃、26℃)×3个盐度(17、25、34)×3个锶(Sr)元素组(低、中、高)来研究环境因子对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)耳石中钡(Ba)元素沉积的影响。研究结果表明:温度、盐度和锶元素含量对耳石钡分配系数具有显著的影响,盐度的影响最大,锶元素的影响其次,温度的影响最小,温度和盐度对耳石钡分配系数具有显著的交互作用。在所有试验组中,耳石钡分配系数均随着盐度的增加而增加,随着水中Ba/Ca值的增加而减少,而耳石Ba/Ca值随着水中Ba/Ca值的增加而增加。盐度是影响大黄鱼耳石Ba/Ca值的主要因素,温度和锶元素的影响都很小,盐度对耳石Ba/Ca值的影响主要是因为水中Ba/Ca值随盐度的降低而增加。所有试验组中耳石Ba/Ca值均随着盐度的增加而降低,根据盐度与耳石Ba/Ca值的定量关系就可以反演大黄鱼所经历的盐度史。  相似文献   

4.
应用激光剥蚀(LA)-ICPMS技术对采集于黄海南部吕泗产卵场的产卵期蓝点马鲛耳石横截面从核心到边缘进行了分析,并结合耳石微结构分析比较各测定元素与钙的比值在不同生活史阶段的变化。结果显示,测定的Li、Na、Mg、Fe、Co、Sr和Ba含量在耳石上均呈非均匀分布,但Ba:Ca比值从核心到边缘波动较大(2.13~5.05 μmol/mol),总体为核心(0~40 μm)部分高,核心向外(40~320 μm)部分快速下降,其余部分(320~1 440 μm)低。Ba:Ca比值在不同生活史阶段间表现出了显著性差异,孵化阶段明显高于越冬和产卵阶段。相较其他元素,Ba元素更适合作为标志性元素重建蓝点马鲛生境履历。根据Ba:Ca比值重建了黄海南部蓝点马鲛的生境履历,结果发现它们在胚胎发育和孵化阶段生活在高Ba浓度生境,早期发育阶段游离近岸高Ba浓度生境,随后的生长发育阶段则会长期处于Ba浓度稍低的生境进行越冬和产卵洄游。  相似文献   

5.
研究中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)耳石的发育和生长特征,补充早期生物学资料,为进一步研究该鱼野生资源的早期生活史特征提供基础数据。在实验室养殖条件下观察了乌江中华倒刺鲃仔、稚鱼及3种耳石的形态发育过程和生长特点。结果表明,在水温(26.0±2.1)℃下,初孵仔鱼微耳石和矢耳石已经形成,星耳石在仔鱼出膜后第6天出现。在形态发育过程中,微耳石由出膜时的近圆形经卵圆形发育成贻贝形,且中心核位置偏移到前端靠近背侧;矢耳石由近圆形经卵圆形发育成箭矢状;星耳石由逗号形发育成不规则四边形。3种耳石形态发育的各阶段与鱼体发育阶段存在一定的对应关系。在生长上,仔稚鱼鱼体、3种耳石的长径和短径与日龄均呈显著的线性关系(P0.001),鱼体全长与3种耳石长径呈现出显著的线性关系(P0.001),仔稚鱼鱼体、3种耳石的特定生长率随日龄增加均呈下降趋势。  相似文献   

6.
三种常用化学消毒剂对牙鲆仔稚鱼的急性毒性研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
选用3种化学消毒剂对牙鲆仔稚鱼进行急性毒性试验。结果表明,高锰酸钾对牙鲆仔鱼的24 hLC504、8 h LC50和安全浓度分别为1.678×10-6、1.382×10-6和0.281×10-6,对牙鲆稚鱼的24 h LC50、48 hLC50和安全浓度分别为2.555×10-6、1.789×10-6和0.263×10-6;甲醛对牙鲆仔鱼的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全浓度分别为25.821×10-6、10.671×10-6和0.547×10-6,对牙鲆稚鱼的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全浓度分别为33.959×10-6、17.046×10-6和1.288×10-6;聚维酮碘对牙鲆仔鱼的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全浓度分别为15.744×10-6、8.163×10-6和0.658×10-6,对牙鲆稚鱼的24 h LC504、8 h LC50和安全浓度分别为25.802×10-6、21.286×10-6和4.346×10-6。牙鲆仔稚鱼对3种化学消毒剂的敏感性依次为:高锰酸钾>甲醛>聚维酮碘,并且牙鲆仔鱼分别对3种消毒剂的敏感性均大于牙鲆稚鱼分别对3种消毒剂的敏感性。最后依据本试验结果,作者对牙鲆疾病防治中消毒剂的使用进行了探讨。  相似文献   

7.
为了在中华鲟洄游生态学研究上有新突破,实验首次比较研究了中华鲟3种硬组织(耳石、背骨板和胸鳍条)的微结构和微化学特征。结果发现,耳石结构松散,存在多个耳砂(微晶球霰石球晶)颗粒,且每个颗粒均具有独立的核心;背骨板存在分层现象;胸鳍条结构较为致密,且均一。胸鳍条、耳石中生境元素Co/Ca、Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca比特征变化较为一致,而背板由于分层的原因与前二者有所差异。综合考虑非致死性采样、前处理难度、微结构组成以及生境元素生物积累等优势,笔者建议首选胸鳍条作为基于微化学分析来反演中华鲟洄游及生活史履历研究的最佳硬组织材料。  相似文献   

8.
耳石微化学被广泛应用于鱼类洄游生态学研究,但耳石的摘取难免会造成鱼的死亡和损伤,故寻找可以快捷、非致死地替代耳石进行微化学分析的材料很有意义。为此,本研究比较了刀鲚(Coilia nasus)胸鳍条和耳石微化学的相似性特征。耳石的锶钙比值(Sr/Ca)和Sr含量图谱分型结果分别很好地对应了所研究的洄游型、淡水定居型和陆封型的典型个体。胸鳍条微化学结果显示,湖鲚和短颌鲚2类个体呈现出稳定的低Sr/Ca值?(1.38±0.52)~(2.04±0.74)和(1.40±0.32)~(1.81±0.66)?与刀鲚胸鳍条生活史第一阶段的特征相吻合?(2.06±0.64)~(2.26±0.29)?,这些均反映了淡水生境“指纹”的特征。刀鲚胸鳍条Sr含量图谱和耳石相似,自核心至边缘可分为明显的3个阶段,分别对应于面分布图上自核心至边缘的蓝色、绿色、蓝色之间微化学“指纹”的变化。由此可见,刀鲚胸鳍条可以作为耳石的非致死、低损伤的代替材料,用于刀鲚洄游习性、生境履历等研究。同时,由于胸鳍条具有取样和前处理的优势,在其他鱼类资源或标志放流评价研究时,可以考虑以胸鳍条代替耳石来开展研究。  相似文献   

9.
为了探究耳石微化学标记技术在牙鲆增殖放流中的应用,以全长(1.56±0.16)cm的牙鲆幼鱼为研究对象,在其养殖水中分别添加0.5 mg/L、2 mg/L、8 mg/L、32 mg/L SrCl_2·6H_2O,以无添加SrCl_2·6H_2O组为对照组,人为改变牙鲆幼鱼生存环境中Sr~(2+)浓度72 h,研究不同浓度SrCl_2·6H_2O对牙鲆耳石锶标记效果。标记期间每24 h换水1次,换水量为50%,换水后补加SrCl_2·6H_2O至原始浓度,记录各浓度组标记期间及标记后的鱼苗死亡数量。利用X射线电子探针微区分析仪(EPMA)对耳石样本进行分析,定量线分析结果表明, 0.5 mg/L、2 mg/L SrCl_2·6H_2O浸染不能形成牙鲆耳石锶标记。8 mg/L浓度组出现Sr峰区, Sr/Ca (Sr:Ca×1000)均值为4.50～6.60, Sr峰值为5.49～8.49。32 mg/L浓度组Sr峰区均值为4.83～7.55, Sr峰值为5.62～11.04。这说明8 mg/L、32 mg/L SrCl_2·6H_2O可对牙鲆耳石进行锶标记。但8 mg/L浓度组出现未标记样本,且Sr峰区均值较32 mg/L浓度组低。32 mg/L浓度组Sr/Ca比值显著增高,即锶标记的Sr/Ca比值为6.61±0.86,与标记前和对照组Sr/Ca比值差异均显著(P0.05),锶标记率100%。面分布分析(mapping analysis)结果表明,从8 mg/L SrCl_2·6H_2O浓度组开始,耳石出现红色"高锶标记环",与耳石本底颜色对比明显,且随浓度升高,红色"高锶标记环"由浅变深,锶标记效果明显增强。单因素方差分析和Duncan多重比较结果显示,各浓度组全长、体重与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),不同浓度的SrCl_2·6H_2O对牙鲆幼鱼生长无影响。经χ2检验,各浓度组在浸泡标记期间死亡率及标记后养殖90 d的累积死亡率无显著性差异(P0.05),不同浓度的SrCl_2·6H_2O对牙鲆幼鱼死亡率无显著影响。因此, 32 mg/L SrCl_2·6H_2O为最佳标记浓度。  相似文献   

10.
利用电子探针显微分析技术(EPMA),对2009年和2014年采自长江南京段的长颌鲚耳石微化学进行了研究,反演了其生境履历。结果显示,这些长颌鲚耳石上元素Sr/Ca值的动态可分为两类。一类Sr/Ca值出现显著波动,不仅具有对应淡水生境的低值(1.87±0.36),而且有对应于河口半咸水生境的较高值(4.80±0.80),甚至出现了外海高盐度生境的高值(7.85±0.57),反映了溯河洄游的生境履历特征。另一类Sr/Ca值稳定3.0以下(14NJC09和14NJCE10),仅反映出在淡水生境中生活的履历。上述结果均得到了耳石Sr面分布的验证。上述"反演"的结果首次发现,传统上认为的一定是溯河洄游的长颌鲚,也可能存在有淡水定居个体。单纯利用上颌骨的长短并不能作为有效判别长江刀鲚资源群体中溯河洄游个体和淡水定居个体的标准。  相似文献   

11.
Fish otoliths are comprised primarily of CaCO3 and grow throughout an individual's lifetime. The chemical composition of otoliths is often a distinctive characteristic of the populations that live in discrete areas, and as a result, it has been used for population classification studies, supporting ecological and fisheries research. However, the deposition of chemical elements in the otolith is influenced by both physiological and environmental factors. We review observed trends in otolith elemental composition and then test the taxonomic and geographical patterns, using marine species in European waters. anova comparisons and multivariate analyses revealed strong taxonomic signals in species inhabiting the same region. Variations in Sr, Mg, Mn and Ba concentrations were most often species specific; for example, multivariate analyses showed separation of cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus) based primarily on Mg and Sr concentrations, while Mn and Ba concentrations separated bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus) and sole (Solea solea). The relative contributions of taxonomic and regional factors varied between elements. For cod and herring, for example, species‐specific differences explain 75% of the variation for Mn, but only 50% of the variation in Sr. Although there are significant regional differences within a single species on both a restricted and extensive geographic scale, these regional patterns are not the same for each species. As the amount of otolith composition data increases, representing more species and regions, as well as longer time series, further analyses can provide a deeper insight into the predictability of using otolith data in fisheries ecology.  相似文献   

12.
The sex ratio of wild Japanese eels in the Kaoping River of southwestern Taiwan has been extremely skewed towards females in the recent years. However, the sex ratio skewed towards males after Typhoon Mindulle, July 2, 2004 then recovered to the previous female-dominated status in the following year. To determine why the sex ratio drastically changed, eels captured in the river were examined by both morphologic characteristics and otolith elemental signatures by solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SB-ICPMS) and laser-ablation ICPMS (LA-ICPMS). Most of the eels collected in the river after the typhoon had a blue-gray colored back, with morphology and sex ratio similar to that of cultured eels, which differed from wild yellow eels which had a green colored back. The chemical signature in otoliths of eels with a blue-gray colored back was similar to that of cultured eels, with significantly lower Sr/Ca ratios but slightly higher Mn/Ca ratios than for wild eels. This confirmed that the reversal in eel sex ratio in the Kaoping River estuary resulted from cultured eels that had escaped from eel farms. Eel farmers estimated that about 30,000 eels escaped during the typhoon, sufficient to reverse the sex ratio of the eels in the river. Furthermore, silver eels caught in the estuary in the winter 2004 were also mostly males. The chemical signature in otoliths of these silver eels was similar to that of escaped cultured eels. Their morphology and mean GSIs, however, were comparable to wild silver eels. Thus, cultured eels that have escaped from eel farms can silver normally in the wild. Consequently, cultured eels may help to balance the sex ratio of the wild eel population and may contribute to the spawning stock of Japanese eel.  相似文献   

13.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

14.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

15.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

17.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

18.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

19.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.  相似文献   

20.
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.  相似文献   

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