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1.
The effects of 60‐mg L?1 clove oil and 60‐mg L?1 tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on the blood chemistry of rainbow trout were compared after exposure to handling stress via caudal puncture blood sampling. Fish sampled by caudal puncture and subsequently exposed to anaesthetics showed a typical handling stress response over a 48‐h period. There were no significant differences between the responses of fish exposed to equal concentrations of clove oil and MS‐222, with the following exceptions: the blood glucose at full anaesthesia, and lactate at full recovery increased significantly in the clove oil‐exposed fish. In a subsequent experiment, the stress response observed in fish sampled by caudal puncture and exposed to clove oil and MS‐222 was compared with a non‐anaesthetized control group. The increases in plasma cortisol levels were significantly lower at recovery in fish treated with either anaesthetic compared with the control fish. Fish exposed to MS‐222 had significantly higher cortisol levels at 1 h. These findings show that few differences exist between the anaesthetic effects of clove oil and MS‐222 on the physiological response of fish to stress. However, clove oil is more effective at reducing the short‐term stress response induced by handling and blood sampling, and is recommended as an alternative fish anaesthetic.  相似文献   

2.
We examined the blood biochemical profile and the physiological response to acute handling stress of a historically important economic but currently a rare endangered fish, Largemouth bronze gudgeon, Coreius guichenoti, in the upper Yangtze River. The results showed that the glucose (GLU) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the cage‐cultured C. guichenoti were significantly higher than those of the wild type, and the basal cortisol (COR) level was higher than that of most other fish species. In the stress experiment, the fish were subjected to a low‐ and high‐intensity handling stress, respectively, and sampling was performed before the stress and at 0, 1, 4, 12, 24, 72, 120, and 168 h after the stress. The levels of COR, GLU, lactate (LA), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of stressed fish exhibited an increase first and then a recovery to the pre‐stress levels with a typical acute stress response in the first 24 h. Fish in both stressed groups were spontaneously infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis from the 24th to the 168th h, and exhibited a chronic stress response. These data would facilitate the studies of blood physiology of C. guichenoti and related fish in health evaluation, species propagation and conservation, as well as the stress response in aquaculture.  相似文献   

3.
釆用MS-222浓度为0(C0组)、5 mg/L(C1组)、10 mg/L(C2组)、15 mg/L(C3组)、20 mg/L(C4组),运输时间为0、2、4、6、8、10 h,运输密度为33 g/L,采用5×6双因素实验,氧气袋运输翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)稚鱼,研究了运输时间和MS-222浓度对翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸含量及氧气袋内水质的影响。结果显示:翘嘴鲌全鱼皮质醇、乳酸水平随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,随麻醉剂浓度的增加而显著降低;C1-C4组的DO、p H随运输时间呈现先降低后升高的趋势,C0组则随运输时间的增加显著降低,各组的DO和p H随MS-222浓度的增加而显著增加;C1-C4组的氨氮(TAN)和游离CO_2浓度随运输时间呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而C0组则随运输时间的增加显著升高,各组的TAN和游离CO_2浓度随MS-222浓度的增加而显著降低。时间和浓度的交互作用都显著。运输时间T6 h时,MS-222刺激翘嘴鲌,不利于运输,运输时间T6 h时,MS-222能显著降低其应激水平及代谢强度,其中C4组皮质醇、乳酸含量最低,C3、C4组水质条件最好,其适宜的麻醉剂浓度为15~20 mg/L。  相似文献   

4.
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5.
Catfish Ictalurus spp. are subjected to stressful conditions during harvest, which may be linked to fillet coloration and quality. Poor water quality in ponds, socks or hauling tanks, as well as handling stress, have been suggested to cause red fillets in catfish; however, chronic exposure has not resulted in red fillets. Short‐term occurrences of extreme poor water quality, particularly low dissolved oxygen, high carbon dioxide and high temperature, may occur in ponds or during harvest. Therefore, market‐sized Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus were acutely exposed (12 hr) to one of the three water quality treatments while confined during a simulated socking procedure and evaluated for stress responses by means of change in blood parameters and fillet quality. In fish subjected to the extreme treatment, hematocrit, plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate levels increased, with 22% mortality, indicating highly stressful conditions. In fish subjected to moderate and typical (control) treatments, cortisol increased but a lack of change or decrease in glucose and lactate indicated minimal anaerobic metabolism. Only one red fillet was produced by the extreme treatment and two by the typical treatment; therefore, the results suggest red fillets are not a product of poor water quality compounded by handling during harvest.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of the study was to determine the optimum concentration of MS‐222 for given size groups of pikeperch and water temperatures. The study considered three size groups of pikeperch (body weight [BW] 8.56, 15.72, 52.91 g), an MS‐222 water solution (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), and two temperatures (20 or 23°C). It was revealed that the optimum MS‐222 concentration depended largely on the size of the pikeperch and on water temperature. For fish with a BW <10 g the recommended concentration is 100 mg/L but only at 23°C. For fish with a BW of 10–40 g at an immersion temperature of 20°C the safe MS‐222 concentration ranges from 100 to 150 mg/L. However, at a temperature of 23°C the recommended concentration of the anesthetic is 100 mg/L. Similarly for larger fish, that is, fish with a BW >40 g, the optimum MS‐222 concentration at a water temperature of 20°C is in the range of 100–150 mg/L, but at a temperature of 23°C is it approximately 100 mg/L. Additionally, when exposure to the anesthetic is shorter (several min), a concentration of 150 mg/L is also safe for juvenile pikeperch of this size.  相似文献   

7.
Anaesthetic agents are very useful for reducing the stress caused by handling, sorting, transportation, artificial reproduction, tagging, administration of vaccines and surgical procedures in fish. The efficacy of two anaesthetics: MS‐222 and AQUI‐S® were tested on rohu, Labeo rohita advanced size fry. The lowest effective doses that produced induction in 3 min or less and recovery times 5 min or less and meet the most criteria of good anaesthetic characteristics were 125 mg L?1 of MS‐222, and 30 mg L?1 of AQUI‐S® in rohu, Labeo rohita advanced size fry. Induction times were significantly decreased with increased in the concentrations of any of the two tested anaesthetic agents. The lowest doses suitable for transportation of rohu advanced size fry observed were: 10–15 mg L?1 of MS‐222 and 2.5 mg L?1 AQUI‐S®. Both anaesthetics showed promising to be used as anaesthetics for handling and transportation in rohu (Labeo rohita) advanced fry.  相似文献   

8.
The efficacy of the anaesthetic agents benzocaine, metacaine (MS‐222), metomidate, 2‐phenoxyethanol, quinaldine and isoeugenol was studied in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Fish with an average body weight of 33 g were anaesthetized at 8 °C and fish with an average body weight of 1243 g were anaesthetized at 8 and 15 °C. Agents were tested individually and as combination anaesthesia comprising pre‐anaesthetic sedation, followed by anaesthesia. Induction and recovery times varied in relation to the body weight and water temperature. Large fish had longer induction times and shorter recovery times, and displayed reduced responsiveness to handling compared with small fish. A higher temperature resulted in shorter induction times, longer recovery times and increased responsiveness to handling. Lower dosages were used for all agents in combination anaesthesia. In small fish, this had no effect on the induction times but resulted in shorter recovery times and reduced responsiveness to handling. In large fish, combination anaesthesia resulted in shorter induction times whereas no uniform trend in recovery times and no differences in responsiveness to handling were observed. Neither individual agents nor combinations blocked all reflex reactions to external stimulation in all fish of any treatment group. MS‐222 and benzocaine, used separately or in combination anaesthesia, were the most effective agents in reducing reflex reactions.  相似文献   

9.
Skin mucus has been demonstrated to provide stress biomarkers for evaluating the physiological status, providing new convenient and non‐invasive methods to detect stress response in fish. Here, we investigated the anaesthetic efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222; 75–115 mg/L) for discus Symphysodon aequifasciata (34.27 ± 4.46 g; 8.10 ± 0.59 cm) using skin mucus stress biomarkers. The induction time, recovery time and respiratory frequency were also determined. According to the criteria for anaesthesia and recovery, discus fish to reach stage A3 (deep anaesthesia) within 3 min and to reach stage R4 (full recovery of normal behaviour) within 5 min were observed at 95–105 mg/L MS‐222. Respiratory frequency increased first and then decreased during MS‐222 exposure and increased after recovery. At 10 min after deep anaesthesia, a lower mucus glucose was only observed at 115 mg/L MS‐222. No change in mucus cortisol and increased lactate were observed in all treatments. Increased mucus protein was observed at 75, 85 and 95 mg/L MS‐222. At 10 min after recovery, increased mucus glucose and decreased mucus protein were observed at 85, 95 and 115 mg/L MS‐222, but increased mucus cortisol only at 115 mg/L and lactate only at 75 and 105 mg/L MS‐222. At 24 hr after recovery, mucus glucose returned to the initial level only at 75, 95 and 105 mg/L MS‐222, while cortisol at 75 and 85 mg/L and protein and lactate at 75 mg/L respectively. Overall, the effective dose of MS‐222 for discus fish has been suggested to be 95–105 mg/L.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of four anaesthetic agents, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) (112.5 mg L?1), 2‐phenoxyethanol (400 μL L?1), clove oil (70 mg L?1) and benzocaine (65 mg L?1) on juvenile marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus) of three mean body weights (7.3 g, 19.1 g, 55.5 g) and at three temperatures (20, 25, 30°C) were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between body lipid content and efficacy of the four anaesthetic agents was evaluated in juvenile S. rivulatus. Times necessary for induction and recovery were recorded. Significant effects of temperature on induction and recovery times were observed. Induction and recovery times decreased with increasing water temperature. No uniform relationship between body weight of juvenile marbled spinefoot and anaesthetic efficacy was observed. Body fat content was positively correlated with induction time only when MS‐222 was used but did not affect induction times of fish exposed to 2‐phenoxyethanol, clove oil or benzocaine. Recovery times were generally longer for all fish containing more body fat. Results of the study show that anaesthetic efficiency increases with increasing water temperature but is not strongly affected by body weight for juvenile marbled spinefoot. In addition, body fat in fish affected the efficacy of the various anaesthetic agents tested in this study, generally slowing down recovery.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of transportation of marketable eel (0.15 kg) in the Netherlands with respect to welfare. Eels (Anguilla anguilla) were obtained from a commercial farm and acclimatized for 7 weeks at the laboratory. Fish were transported according to regular commercial procedures. The animals were placed in water‐filled transport tanks on the trailer. Fish density increased from 72 kg m?3 (husbandry) to 206 kg m?3 (fasting) and was further increased to 270–290 kg m?3 during transport. Fish transport lasted 3 h after which the eels were returned to laboratory recirculation systems to measure parameters indicative of stress load, i.e. mortality, plasma cortisol, lactate and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) as well as gill morphology. Samples were taken at 0, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after transport in transported fish and non‐transported counterparts (controls). Transportation affected water quality within known tolerable limits. No mortality during or after transport was observed. After 6 h, plasma cortisol levels had returned to baseline. However, energy metabolism had increased suggesting that transportation of eels resulted in an increased energy demand that lasted for at least 72 h in the fasted animals. Thus, it is conceivable that exposure to adverse conditions, prior to stunning/killing, in a slaughterhouse may result in allostatic overload in eel.  相似文献   

12.
Clove oil has been demonstrated to be an effective, inexpensive anaesthetic and euthanizing agent for a number of fish species, including rainbow trout, used in aquaculture and fisheries research. However, the potential for clove oil to cause perturbations in important plasma hormone concentrations has not been investigated. The effect of anaesthesia and euthanasia in trout with eugenol (the active ingredient in clove oil) on plasma cortisol, glucose, growth hormone (GH) and two thyroid hormones [tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] was compared with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) anaesthesia, and stunning by cranial concussion in two experiments. Effects on blood chemistry were different when comparing the particular anaesthetic method being used. Stunning fish significantly increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels (both P<0.05), while euthanizing fish using either clove oil or MS‐222 had no effect on these hormone levels. In contrast, the levels of GH, T3 and T4 hormones were unaffected regardless of whether fish were euthanized by stunning, MS‐222 or clove oil. Variation in effects between hormones were observed using clove oil eugenol. In fish sampled 10 min after anaesthetizing with 150 mg L?1 of eugenol, cortisol levels were significantly decreased (P<0.03), while there were no differences in either glucose or GH levels. Tri‐iodothyronine and T4 also showed significantly elevated levels (P<0.05) after 10‐min exposure to eugenol. These results highlight the importance of investigating the potential effects of any new anaesthetic or euthanizing compounds on blood plasma parameters, prior to using them in a research setting, or when comparing results to other studies which have utilized alternative anaesthetic compounds.  相似文献   

13.
This study investigated the potential of linalool as an anaesthetic during transportation of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The fish were transported at a loading density of ~103 g/L for 3 hr in 12 plastic bags (3 L water and 6 L pure oxygen) divided into four triplicated treatments: control (without linalool), L50 (50 mg linalool/L), L100 (100 mg linalool/L) and L200 (200 mg linalool/L). After 3‐hr transportation, serum physiological responses and water physico‐chemical parameters were compared among the treatments. Results showed that water total and un‐ionized ammonia increased and dissolved oxygen decreased in all treatments after transportation. Water total ammonia and dissolved oxygen levels in the linalool‐treated bags were significantly lower than the control. After transportation, the control fish showed significant elevation in serum cortisol and glucose levels; however, the levels were significantly lower than the linalool‐treated fish. All fish showed similar serum lactate levels, significantly lower than the value obtained before transportation. The control fish showed serum urea levels similar to the level obtained before transportation; however, the linalool‐treated fish had significantly higher serum urea levels compared to the control and before transportation levels. After transportation, all fish had decreased serum chloride and sodium levels compared to the before transport level. Overall, the present results showed that linalool is not beneficial for carp transportation in plastic bags, because it reacts with water oxygen, increases stress in fish, interferes with ammonia excretion and has no benefits in preventing ion loss.  相似文献   

14.
The physiological state of fish before transportation is an important aspect to be observed when reduction in losses due to mortality is aimed. Various preparative procedures for transport are reported, but little is known about the use of additives in fish diet. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) supplementation on the tolerance of juvenile Astyanax aff. bimaculatus to transportation stress. The experimental design consisted of six treatments: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100.0 g kg?1 turmeric. Fish weighing 0.83 ± 0.04 g were distributed in 24 80‐L aquaria at a density of 0.5 fish L?1 and were fed to satiation three times a day for 60 days. After this period, fish were transported for 24 h in plastic bags (15 fish per bag). Using a discontinuous linear response plateau (LRP) model, the lowest estimated concentration of turmeric that maximized the survival rate was 16.67 g kg?1. Quadratic effects of turmeric on blood lactate levels were observed, and the estimated concentration of turmeric required to minimize blood lactate levels was 64.7 g kg?1. We observed quadratic effects of turmeric on superoxide dismutase activity and the concentration of malondialdehyde in fish gills and the turmeric concentrations required to minimize the transport stress effects on these variables were 42.50 and 83.33 g kg?1, respectively. Thus, dietary supplementation with turmeric enhanced the tolerance of juvenile A. aff. bimaculatus to transportation stress.  相似文献   

15.
Anaesthetics are used in aquaculture and fisheries to facilitate routine procedures, such as capture, handling, transportation, tagging, grading and measurements that can often cause injury or induce physiological stress. Two experiments were performed to assess the efficacies of four anaesthetic agents, clove oil, benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and MS‐222 on juvenile marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus). In the first experiment we tested the lowest effective doses that produced induction and recovery times in 3 min or less and 5 min or less respectively. Dosages were 70 mg L?1 for clove oil, 60–70 mg L?1 for benzocaine, 400 μL L?1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol and 100–125 mg L?1 for MS‐222. In the second experiment, we determined optimal concentrations of the four anaesthetics if they were to be used to transport rabbitfish fry. Anaesthetic concentrations suitable for handling and transport were: 10–15 mg L?1 of MS‐222, 5–10 mg L?1 of benzocaine, 5 mg L?1 of clove oil and 50–100 μL L?1 of 2‐phenoxyethanol. All anaesthetic agents are acceptable for use on S. rivulatus, however, 2‐phenoxyethanol, MS‐222 and clove oil appear to be more suitable than benzocaine. Further studies need to be conducted on effects of high and low doses of anaesthetic agents on physiology of marbled spinefoot.  相似文献   

16.
MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟的麻醉试验   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  
以20~100 mg/L的MS-222(Tricaine M ethanesu lphonate)在水温15~25℃条件下对中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)和施氏鲟(A.schrenckii)的麻醉效果进行试验,中华鲟或施氏鲟分别达到不同程度的麻醉状态甚至出现死亡。30~40 mg/L的MS-222具有较好的麻醉效果,鱼的活动量明显下降,可保持镇静并维持身体平衡和正常体位,麻醉48 h后,在清水中数分钟内可恢复正常游动状态,适合于长途运输。50~100 mg/L的MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟具有较强的麻醉作用,适合于进行短时间的操作,如捉拿、称重、测量、外科手术、体外标记等。中华鲟和施氏鲟在高剂量MS-222的作用下,在进入生物学死亡阶段前,存在一个临床死亡阶段,这个阶段长达1h左右,在这个阶段,对它们进行“人工呼吸”是行之有效的。  相似文献   

17.
Abstract— The freshwater prawn Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii is a commercially important culture species in the South Central United States. Two major constraints in the commercial culture of the freshwater prawn in the U.S. are poor survival during live transportation of seed‐stock to growout ponds, and live transportation of pond harvested prawn to distant live markets due to the territorial and cannibalistic nature of prawn. The use of anesthetics could possibly improve transport survival; however, to date anesthetic agents have not been evaluated for use with prawn. Two trials were conducted with juvenile freshwater prawn to compare the efficacy of anesthetics commonly used on fish. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. In Study 1, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222), 2‐phenoxyethanol, quinaldine sulfate (quinaldine), clove oil, and Aqui‐STM were evaluated at 25 and 100 mg/L for 1 h in three replicate 10‐L glass containers, containing five juvenile prawn each. Relative sedation level was determined every 3 min for 1 h, then recovery time and survival were measured. In Study 1, MS‐222 and 2‐phenoxyethanol were determined to be ineffective on prawn at all rates tested. Based on their performance in Study 1, quinaldine, clove oil, and AquiSTM were evaluated at 100, 200, and 300 mg/L in Study 2. Observations were determined as in Study 1. Clove oil and Aqui‐STM induced anesthesia faster and at lower concentrations than quinaldine. At the highest treatment rate (300 mg/L) prawn suffered 60% mortality in the Aqui‐STM treatment, 13% mortality in the quinaldine treatment, and 0% mortality in the clove oil treatment and control following a 1‐h exposure to these concentrations. Based on these data, Aqui‐STM and clove oil applied at 100 mg/L may be suitable anesthetic treatments for prawn. Additional research is needed to determine optimal time and dose relationships to minimize stress during holding, handling, and transportation of prawn.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of weekly anaesthetization with clove oil and tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on feed intake and growth were examined in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), held individually. Repeated handling without anaesthetics significantly reduced feed intake and weight gain compared with an unhandled control group during an 8‐week experiment. When anaesthetics were used during handling the feed consumption and weight gain were significantly (MS‐222) or not significantly (clove oil) higher than in fish handled without anaesthesia. When compared with the unhandled control group, neither of these two anaesthetics had significant effects on feed intake but, in contrast to MS‐222, repeated anaesthesia with clove oil had a significant negative effect on growth. However, the effects of MS‐222 and clove oil on the growth were not significantly different from each other. Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of MS‐222‐anaesthetized fish was significantly higher compared with unhandled control and handled control fish but was not significantly different from fish anaesthetized with clove oil. These results suggest that both MS‐222 and clove oil alleviate handling stress in juvenile rainbow trout, and that these two anaesthetics are rather similar with respect to their effects during repeated exposures.  相似文献   

19.
The loading density of pirarucu Arapaima gigas transported for 6 hr in open system was assessed on survival, physiological parameters (blood hematocrit, cortisol, lactate and glucose concentrations) and water quality (temperature, pH, ammonia, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide). No mortality was observed after fish transportation at 80, 120 and 160 kg/m³, although ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations increased and dissolved oxygen decreased. Physiological parameters were not affected by loading density but significant differences were observed between sampling periods (immediately before transport, immediately after transport, 24 and 96 hr after transport), except glucose. Hematocrit values increased with time, whereas lactate concentration decreased. No significant differences were observed in blood cortisol levels before and after transport, but concentration increased gradually for 96 hr after transport. According to the results, 9 kg pirarucu may be transported for up to 6 hr at a loading density of 160 kg/m³.  相似文献   

20.
Hybrid seabream (Pagrus major♀ × Acanthopagrus schlegelii♂) grow quickly, with retarded gonadal growth and enhanced muscle nutritional composition. This F1 hybrid seabream is a new marine aquaculture fish in China. However, the response of hybrid seabream to transport is severe, which seriously restricts its promotion and development. Water quality and the physiological response of hybrid sea bream were studied at three fish transport densities (5, 10 and 20 g/L) during 8 hr of transport in a light van (60 km hr?1 and 25°C water temperature). We found that total ammonia–nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels in the water of the highest density group increased sharply after 4 and 8 hr of transport. Cumulative survival of the fish in the 10 and 20 g/L groups (86.7% and 75% respectively) was significantly lower than in the 5 g/L group (100%) after 8 hr of transport (p < .05). Serum cortisol and lactate levels were significantly higher after transport than pre‐stress levels, whereas the glucose level decreased significantly (p < .05). Hepatic triglyceride and glycogen levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly lower in the 20 g/L group than in the 5 g/L group (p < .05). The results show that high‐density transport increased ammonia–nitrogen and nitrite–nitrogen levels in the water as well as cortisol secretion and anaerobic metabolism in the F1 hybrid seabream, suggesting that total cholesterol and glycogen may be used to supply the energy demand and increased oxidative stress. These results will help to optimize the transport conditions for cultured hybrid seabream.  相似文献   

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