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1.
2009年黑龙江和吉林省马铃薯晚疫病菌表型结构研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确2009年黑龙江和吉林两省马铃薯主产区晚疫病菌的表型特征,本研究对所采晚疫病菌的交配型、甲霜灵抗性及生理小种分别进行了测定.结果表明:被测黑龙江(46株)和吉林(48株)两省的菌株均为 A1 交配型.黑龙江省被测菌株甲霜灵高抗、敏感菌株各占50％;吉林省被测菌株中高抗、敏感菌株分别占70.8％、29.2％;两省均未发现中抗菌株.其中采自吉林敦化菌株均为高抗菌株,采自吉林榆树的菌株均为敏感菌株,甲霜灵抗/感比例地区间差异明显.在被测33个黑龙江菌株中发现24个生理小种,而吉林49个菌株中发现19个生理小种,其中9个生理小种两省共有.另外,两省被测菌株中还发现了18株“超级毒力小种”.因此,建议加强种薯监测,防止 A2交配型传入;在生产上使用甲霜灵类药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病应该以菌株的抗性监测数据为依据;进一步加强生理小种监测,合理布局抗病品种. 相似文献
2.
摘要为了掌握我国番茄晚疫病菌对甲霜灵抗性的发生和分布状况，1999～2001年，陆续从全国16个省市的主要番茄产区采集晚疫病样本400余个，分离、纯化出番茄晚疫病菌株183个;采取离体和活体生测法对所有菌株进行了抗甲霜灵的测定。结果表明：我国番茄晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗性由北向南逐渐增强，北方地区以中等抗性菌株和敏感性菌株为主，南方地区则以抗性菌株和中等抗性菌株为主。其中东北、西北地区无抗性菌株，中抗和敏感菌株分别为33．3％、66．7％和36．1％、63．9％；华北、华东地区抗性、中抗和敏感菌株分别为5．6％、44．4％、50．0％和38．6％、36．8％、4．6％；华中和西南地区抗性菌株分别占55．6％和44．2％，中抗和敏感菌株则各占33．3％、历．8％和11．1％、18．8％；华南地区无敏感菌株，抗性菌株达66．7％，中抗菌株为33．3％。 相似文献
3.
我国云南、湖北和山东葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确我国云南省宾川县、湖北省公安县和山东省烟台市葡萄产区霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性发生态势,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了这3个产区共127株葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗性频率及抗性水平。结果显示,不同区域间病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均存在差异。其中,湖北省公安县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较高,抗性频率达92.0%,高抗菌株占76.0%,低抗菌株占16.0%,敏感菌株占8.0%;山东省烟台市霜霉病菌的抗性频率为74.0%,低抗菌株占64.0%,高抗菌株占10.0%,敏感菌株占26.0%;云南省宾川县霜霉病菌的抗性频率和抗性水平均较低,抗性频率为29.6%,敏感菌株占70.4%,低抗菌株占29.6%,无高抗菌株。 相似文献
4.
安徽省辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵的抗药性监测 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8
为了明确安徽地区辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵的抗药性水平及抗性菌株的地理分布,2005-2006年从安徽省16个市、县采集辣椒疫病病株,经分离纯化鉴定,获得125株辣椒疫霉菌株,分别采用生长速率法和叶盘漂浮法测定其对甲霜灵的敏感性.结果表明,按照Parra & Ristaino(2001)标准,供试菌株中有79株对甲霜灵敏感,38株对甲霜灵敏感性处于中间状态,8株抗甲霜灵,即敏感菌株、中间菌株和抗性菌株分别占总体的63.2%、30.4%和6.4%.采自不同地区的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性差异较大,其中以寿县的菌株最为敏感,EC50值最低为0.10μg/mL,平均为0.81±0.20μg/mL;而砀山、和县地区的菌株表现出一定的抗药性,平均EC50为8.32±0.19 μg/mL,最高达25.47μg/mL.抗性菌株的最高抗性倍数约为90倍. 相似文献
5.
马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵抗性机制的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
选取对甲霜灵敏感、中抗和高抗的马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)菌株各2株,采用电导率法和同位素掺入法,研究了甲霜灵对马铃薯晚疫病菌不同抗药性水平菌株细胞膜通透性和RNA聚合酶活性的影响,借助液相色谱分析方法检测了不同抗药性水平菌株对甲霜灵的降解作用。结果表明:甲霜灵对马铃薯晚疫病菌不同抗药性水平菌株的细胞膜通透性没有明显影响;随着甲霜灵浓度提高,敏感菌株的RNA聚合酶活性受到显著抑制,10μg/mL甲霜灵对敏感菌株RNA聚合酶活性的抑制率达到40%以上,而10和100μg/mL甲霜灵对高抗菌株的RNA聚合酶活性只表现轻微的抑制作用,抑制作用分别小于8%和21%,甲霜灵对中抗菌株RNA聚合酶活性的抑制作用介于对敏感菌株和高抗菌株的抑制作用之间。抗性菌株对甲霜灵有一定的降解作用,培养30d后高抗菌株HL105和SC1的降解率分别达到13.46%和16.14%。 相似文献
6.
建立马铃薯晚疫病菌抗甲霜灵SCAR(sequenced characterized amplified region,序列特征扩增区域)标记,以马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵高抗菌株HD01-3和对甲霜灵高感菌株DK98-1为亲本,通过无性单游动孢子分离和有性杂交获得菌株HD01-3无性后代群体、菌株DK98-1无性后代群体以及F1代分离群体,以此为试验材料,利用BSA法(bulked segregant analysis,分离群体分组分析法)构建抗感基因池对后代菌系的甲霜灵抗性进行RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNA,随机扩增多态性DNA)分析。从178条RAPD随机引物中找到一条特异性引物S2054,其可以扩增出一个与晚疫病菌对甲霜灵抗性相关的遗传标记,将该特异条带回收、克隆、测序,发现此标记大小为457bp,根据测序结果设计特异PCR引物,用于扩增抗感基因池,成功地将特异RAPD标记转化为SCAR标记。初步建立了马铃薯晚疫病菌抗甲霜灵SCAR标记,辅助监测晚疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗性。 相似文献
7.
河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及七种药剂的田间防效 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性动态及相应药剂对黄瓜霜霉病的田间防效,采用叶盘漂浮法监测了2011—2015年河北省黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性,采用茎叶喷雾法测定了含甲霜灵或精甲霜灵的混剂及嘧菌酯单剂等7种药剂的田间防效。结果表明:采自河北省不同地区的838株黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯普遍产生抗性,抗性频率为100.00%,抗性倍数为482.99和354.97,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性随着监测地区和监测年限而波动,唐山、沧州、石家庄、衡水、廊坊和保定市的菌株对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数高于其它地区,黄瓜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵和嘧菌酯的抗性指数在不同年度间高位波动。按照田间推荐剂量喷施,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的防效为72.15%~74.13%;68%精甲霜灵·代森锰锌水分散粒剂和58%甲霜灵·代森锰锌可湿性粉剂的防效分别为65.30%~70.19%和63.26%~68.35%,与80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防效相当;50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、250 g/L双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂和687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂的防效达82.00%以上,对黄瓜霜霉病具有较好的防效,在黄瓜霜霉病菌对嘧菌酯、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵产生抗性的地区,可作为替代或混配药剂使用。 相似文献
8.
黑龙江省和吉林省马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺和甲霜灵的敏感性变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2006-2008年在黑龙江省和吉林省共分离获得61株马铃薯晚疫病菌,测定了这些菌株对交配型、氟啶胺和甲霜灵的敏感性。交配型测定结果显示所有菌株都显示A1交配型。甲霜灵测定结果显示10个菌株(16.4%)显示为敏感性,11个菌株(18.0%)显示为中抗,40个菌株(65.6%)显示为抗性。这说明吉林省和黑龙江省发生的晚疫病菌已对甲霜灵产生抗性。氟啶胺敏感性测定结果表明,不同地区、不同年份分离的马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性无显著差异, 其敏感性呈连续的单峰曲线分布, EC50在0.203 3~0.783 7 μg/mL之间, 最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的3.85倍, 平均值为(0.4781±0.0163)μg/mL, 未出现敏感性下降的抗药性群体, 因此可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟啶胺的敏感性基线;83.6%的供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性下降, 甲霜灵与氟啶胺之间不存在交互抗药性。测定氟啶胺对马铃薯晚疫病的盆栽防治试验结果表明,氟啶胺可湿性粉剂、氟啶胺悬浮剂和烯酰吗啉能很好地控制晚疫病,防治效果分别为85.71%、87.00%、82.19%,而甲霜灵的为23.92%。 相似文献
9.
2003 ~2004年从内蒙古和黑龙江省共采集分离了127株马铃薯晚疫病菌Phytophthora infestans,并在离体条件下测定了这些菌株对甲霜灵和霜脲氰的敏感性。结果表明:在2003年分离的内蒙菌株、2003年及2004年分离的黑龙江菌株中对甲霜灵敏感(MS)的菌株频率分别为86.2%、13.8%、17.8%;虽然霜脲氰在这些地区使用近10年,但病菌群体对该药剂的敏感性没有下降,EC50值分布于0.10 ~0.35 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为0.20(±0.06)μg/mL,不同敏感性的菌株频率呈连续的单峰曲线分布,未出现敏感性下降的抗药性亚群体,可作为马铃薯晚疫病菌对霜脲氰抗药性监测的敏感性基线;此外,马铃薯晚疫病菌对甲霜灵和霜脲氰之间没有交互抗药性,霜脲氰对抗甲霜灵和野生敏感菌株具有相同的活性。 相似文献
10.
为探明北方一季作区马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)对氟吡菌胺抗性发生动态,2012~2016年自河北、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等地区采集分离到马铃薯晚疫病菌520个菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法检测供试菌株对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,并以茎叶喷雾法评价9种生产上常用药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防治效果。结果表明,河北、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等马铃薯一季作区晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺敏感性趋于下降,普遍产生低水平抗性,平均抗性倍数为3.45,平均抗性指数为0.48;所有供试菌株中抗性菌株频率占90.80%,其中低抗菌株占90.35%,2016年首次检测到3株中抗菌株。2016、2017连续两年田间药效试验结果显示,按推荐剂量施药4次,687.5 g·L-1氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC对晚疫病防治效果显著高于68%精甲霜·锰锌WG、80%代森锰锌WP、250 g·L-1嘧菌酯SC、500 g·L-1氟啶胺SC,但2017年防效略低于2016年,由89.5%降至86.0%。氟吡菌胺的混剂687.5 g·L-1氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC仍然是目前防治晚疫病效果较好的药剂,但生产中需密切监测马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺的田间抗性发生动态,实施抗药性治理对策,即限制每个生长季节687.5 g·L-1氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC的施用次数,将687.5 g·L-1氟吡菌胺·霜霉威盐酸盐SC与不同作用机理的高效内吸性杀菌剂交替使用。 相似文献
11.
葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵抗药性治理及其田间抗药菌株遗传稳定性分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了明确葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的田间抗药性水平发展态势,于轮换用药前后,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了河北、山西、河南3省葡萄主要种植区11个葡萄园试验地葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵敏感性变化动态。结果表明:田间采集的葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵抗药的菌株其抗药性可以稳定遗传;不同地区轮换用药后,葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗药水平变化态势因用药流程的不同而发生相应的变化。采用不同作用机制的杀菌剂轮换或混合用药进行葡萄霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的抗药性治理时,需制定合理的施药流程,并根据抗药性治理的效果不断完善治理措施。 相似文献
12.
R. C. SHATTOCK 《Plant pathology》1988,37(1):4-11
Single-oospore progeny from matings between field isolates of Phytophthora infestans either highly resistant or sensitive to metalaxyl were analysed for fungicide sensitivity in vitro, mating type and, in some cases, allozyme variation at the locus for glucosephosphate isomerase ( GPI-1. ) In each cross the majority of first-generation (F1 ) progeny showed intermediate sensitivity to metalaxyl. Frequency distributions were skewed towards sensitivity and a few progeny were either wholly sensitive or resistant phenotypes. Allozyme analysis of F1 progeny from a cross between parents of Dutch and Mexican origin showed that c. 10% were selfs of both parents and of parental phenotype for metalaxyl sensitivity. The selfs of the A2 but not the Al parent segregated for mating type. Two backcross generations to the metalaxyl-resistant Dutch parent gave unexpected phenotypic frequency distributions and aberrant ratios for genotypes at the GPI-I locus.
Progeny of another backcross between an F1 isolate of intermediate sensitivity and its sensitive Egyptian parent gave a 1:1 ratio for sensitive: intermediate phenotypes. F2 progeny from a related sibmating between intermediate phenotypes segregated in a ratio close to 1:2:1 for sensitive: intermediate: resistant phenotypes. Segregation was also observed among sexual progeny of an intermediate self-fertile isolate from the backcross generation but not among progeny of a resistant self-fertile phenotype. Mating type segregated in both cases.
These data are consistent with resistance to metalaxyl in P. infestans being governed by a single nuclear locus exhibiting incomplete dominance. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to the incidence of resistance to metalaxyl in natural populations of P. infestans. 相似文献
Progeny of another backcross between an F
These data are consistent with resistance to metalaxyl in P. infestans being governed by a single nuclear locus exhibiting incomplete dominance. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to the incidence of resistance to metalaxyl in natural populations of P. infestans. 相似文献
13.
Variation in populations of Phytophthora infestans in Finland and Norway: mating type, metalaxyl resistance and virulence phenotype 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Phytophthora infestans was isolated from potato leaves and tubers collected from different parts of Finland in 1990–96 and Norway in 1993–96. Isolates were assessed for mating type, resistance to metalaxyl and virulence phenotype. In Finland 15% of 200 isolates tested and in Norway 25% of 642 tested were A2 mating type. Differences in the A1/A2 ratio were evident among regions and A2 was not found in northern areas. In Finland the frequency of metalaxyl-resistant isolates, among 1834 tested, decreased from 59% in 1990–95 to 2% in 1996. In Norway 59% of 491 isolates tested were resistant to metalaxyl in 1996. Among 269 Finnish and 105 Norwegian isolates, all known virulence genes were found in both countries and race 1.3.4.7.10.11 was the most common (resistance gene R9 was not included in the differential set). Oospores were observed in potato leaves from three locations in the southern part of Norway. The implications of the 'new' populations in the Nordic countries are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Deahl KL Cooke LR Black LL Wang TC Perez FM Moravec BC Quinn M Jones RW 《Pest management science》2002,58(9):951-958
In recent years, late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) De Bary, has increased in severity in many parts of the world, and this has been associated with migrations which have introduced new, arguably more aggressive, populations of the pathogen. In Taiwan, late blight has been endemic on outdoor tomato crops grown in the highlands since the early 1900s, but recent epidemics have been more damaging. To ascertain the present status of the Taiwanese population of P infestans, 139 isolates of the pathogen collected and maintained by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) were characterized using mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity, allozyme genotype, mitochondrial haplotype and RFLP fingerprinting. Up to 1997, all isolates were found to belong to the old clonal lineage of P infestans (US-1 and variants), but in isolates from 1998 a new genotype appeared, and by 2000 this had apparently completely displaced the old population. This new genotype was an A1 mating type and has the dilocus allozyme genotype 100/100/111, 100/100 for the loci coding for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase, respectively. These characters, together with RG57 fingerprinting, indicated that these isolates belonged to the US-11 clonal lineage, a minority (11%) being a previously unreported variant of US-11. Whereas metalaxyl-resistant isolates were not detected in the old population, 96% of the new genotypes proved resistant, with the remainder being intermediate in sensitivity. It may be inferred from this sudden, marked change in the characteristics of the Taiwanese P infestans that a new population of the pathogen was introduced around 1997-98 and that this may well have already been metalaxyl-resistant when it arrived, although a role for in situ selection cannot be excluded. 相似文献
15.
Effect of metalaxyl on formation and germination of oospores of Phytophthora infestans 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Oospores of Phytophthora infestans were produced in potato leaf discs floating on metalaxyl solution (100 μg mL−1 a.i.) and inoculated with all combinations of two metalaxyl-sensitive and two -resistant parental isolates. Numbers of oospores produced varied between different matings, depending on parents, in the absence of the fungicide and when metalaxyl was added 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. Oospores were not produced when metalaxyl was added at the time of inoculation (0 days) when either one or both parents were sensitive to metalaxyl. In two of three such matings further oospore formation was arrested when metalaxyl was added either 7 or 14 days after inoculation. Oospores extracted from leaf discs 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation were assessed for germination on water agar after 21 days. Germination of oospores from water control treatments varied between 6 and 30% depending on the cross. Germination was significantly reduced in oospores of metalaxyl-sensitive parents extracted 28 days after inoculation of leaf discs treated with metalaxyl 0, 7 and 14 days after inoculation compared with the 21-day treatment. Minimal differences in germination were observed for oospores from the mating of resistant parents irrespective of metalaxyl treatment, although germination was generally low, not exceeding 8.5%. 相似文献
16.
Leen C. Davidse Daniel L. Danial Cees J. Van Westen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1983,89(1-2):1-20
Two hundred and twenty two isolates ofPhytophthora infestans from infected potato foliage or tubers, obtained in 1981 from different potato fields in various regions of the Netherlands, were tested for their ability to infect potato leaf discs floating on solutions of metalaxyl of various concentrations. Isolates were designated as resistant to metalaxyl when sporulation occurred at a concentration of 1 g ml–1 or higher.Forty-one isolates appeared to be resistant. Thirty-five of the resistant isolates and 29 sensitive ones originated from three areas involving circa 15% of the total Dutch potato acreage. In these areas 28% of the fields sampled were metalaxyl-treated and 78% of these fields yielded resistant isolates. Only one of the three areas had a history of metalaxyl resistance in 1980. Six metalaxyl-resistant and 152 sensitive isolates were found in potato fields in other areas including those with major problems of resistance in 1980. All of four old potato cull piles sampled in the latter areas yielded metalaxyl-resistant isolates and two of these sites had possibly been inoculum sources for nearby potato fields. Only 9% of the fields sampled in these areas were metalaxyl-treated and none of these yielded a metalaxyl-resistant isolate.The data are compatible with the idea that infected seed potatoes were the major source of the incoculum that initiated the early and severe late blight epidemic in 1981 in the Netherlands. The severity has been enhanced by late-blight-conducive weather conditions during the emergence of the crop and its early stages of development, when fungicides had not yet been applied. Old potato cull piles are assumed to have been less important in starting the 1981 epidemic.Apparently, infected seed potatoes carried predominantly metalaxyl-sensitive strains, which explains the prevalence of metalaxyl-sensitive strains in most of the fields. In 1980, the seed potato crop had been harvested before the problem of metalaxyl-resistance surfaced. Hence, it might be assumed that infection of seed potatoes, favoured by late-blight-conducive weather in 1980, had been caused by metalaxyl-sensitive strains. Evidence that seed potatoes could also carry metalaxyl-resistant strains was obtained in two cases. It might explain their early occurrence in fields located in areas without a history of metalaxyl resistance in 1980 and the rapid build-up of a resistant population in a number of metalaxyl-treated fields.Development of resistance in potato fields, which were under heavy disease pressure after spraying with a mixture of metalaxyl and mancozeb, could not be proven definitely. In one experimental field the seed tubers very likely carried metalaxyl-resistant strains, which initiated an epidemic, and in a second field the influx of resistant strains from elsewhere could not be completely ruled out. In the latter field spraying the mixture at a two-week interval could not effectively control the disease. In this field a considerable degree of tuber infection by metalaxyl-resistant strains was noticed.No correlation existed between the behaviour of a particular strain towards metalaxyl and the genes for virulence present. Among a total of 79 isolates, the race of which has been identified, 23 different races were found. Race 1.3.4.7.10.11 was most frequently found, followed by race 1.3.4.7.11. Among 37 resistant isolates 10 different races could be identified.Samenvatting Gedurende de zomer en najaar van 1981 werden 222 veldisolaten vanPhytophthora infestans met behulp van een drijftoets getoetst op resistentie tegen metalaxyl. Per perceel werd meestal één isolaat, hetzij afkomstig van een door de aardappelziekte aangetast blad, hetzij van een zieke knol, getoetst.Eén en veertig isolaten bleken resistent te zijn. Van deze 41 waren er 35 afkomstig uit West Brabant, de Hoekse Waard en Oost Brabant/Noord Limburg, waar ongeveer 15% van het totale aardappelareaal in Nederland is gelegen. Daarnaast werden uit deze gebieden 29 gevoelige isolaten verkregen. Van de bemonsterde percelen uit de drie genoemde gebieden was 29% één- of tweemaal met metalaxyl behandeld, meestal in combinatie met andere middelen. Uit 78% van de aldus behandelde percelen werd een resistant isolaat verkregen. In de genoemde gebieden werden in 1980 alleen in Oost-Brabant/Noord Limburg problemen ondervonden van metalaxylresistentie.In percelen in overige gedeelten van Nederland, waar in 1980 algemeen metalaxylresistentie werd waargenomen, werden in totaal slechts zes metalaxyl-resistente en 152 gevoelige isolaten aangetroffen. Geen enkel van de met metalaxyl bespoten percelen (9% van het aantal bemonsterde percelen) leverde hier een resistent isolaat op. Uit een viertal aardappelafvalhopen in deze gebieden waarop de aardappelziekte voorkwam, werden metalaxyl-resistente stammen verkregen en twee ervan hadden waarschijnlijk een naburig perceel besmet.De resultaten van het onderzoek en de waarnemingen in de percelen wijzen erop dat de vroege en hevige epidemie van de aardappelziekte in 1981 is veroorzaakt door besmet pootgoed waaruit secundair zieke planten zijn ontstaan. Daarnaast werd het uitbreken van de epidemie vooral begunstig door de voorPhytophthora gunstige weersomstandigheden gedurende de periode eind mei tot half juni en het feit dat de eerste bespuiting te laat werd uitgevoerd, hetzij door overmacht, hetzij door het te traag reageren op de waarschuwingen via de radio.In 1980 hebben voornamelijk metalaxyl-gevoelige stammen het pootgoed kunnen besmetten, hetgeen verklaarbaar is uit het feit dat in dat jaar de problemen met metalaxylresistentie pas werden waargenomen nadat het loof van het pootgoed was vernietigd. In een tweetal gevallen zijn evenwel aanwijzingen verkregen dat pootgoed ook besmet kon zijn met resistente stammen. Een dergelijke besmetting is waarschijnlijk ook de verklaring voor het op grote schaal voorkomen van resistente stammen in West Brabant en de Hoekse Waard na een eenmalige toepassing van metalaxyl.In een tweetal proefvelden, waarvan er één was gelegen in Zuid-Flevoland en het andere te Heelsum, is het ontstaan van een resistante populatie bestudeerd bij een twee-wekelijkse toepassing van een mengsel van metalaxyl en mancozeb. Pootgoed, gebruikt in het op praktijkschaal uitgevoerde experiment in Zuid-Flevoland, bleek waarschijnlijk besmet te zijn met metalaxyl-resistente stammen, zoals op 1 juli werd vastgesteld in een onbehandeld gedeelte van het perceel. Op het behandelde gedeelte bleek het mengsel de ontwikkeling van de ziekte aanzienlijk te vertragen; evenwel werd na 16 juli een wekelijkse bespuiting met een maneb/fentin acetaat-bevattend produkt uitgevoerd voor een zo goed mogelijk ziektebestrijding.Op het in Heelsum gelegen proefveld werd op 5 augustus de ziekte het eerst waargenomen in het behandelde gedeelte, nadat de planten in het onbehandelde gedeelte, ten gevolgen van een doelbewuste inoculatie met gevoelige stammen op een naast gelegen aardappel-selectieveld, reeds voor meer dan 50% waren aangetast. Uit aangetaste bladeren van het behandelde gedeelte konden metalaxyl-resistente stammen worden geïsoleerd. In de loop van augustus bleek het metalaxyl/mancozeb-mengsel niet in staat verdere uitbreiding van de ziekte tegen te gaan en trad knolinfectie op. Begin september werden uitsluitend resistente stammen aangetroffen.Geen enkel verband kon worden vastgesteld tussen het optreden van metalaxyl-resistentie en het voorkomen van een bepaald fysio van de schimmel. Op een totaal van 79 isolaten konden 23 verschillende fysio's worden geïdentificeerd. Het fysio 1.3.4.7.10.11 werd de meeste keren gevonden, gevolgd door fysio 1.3.4.7.11. Tien verschillende fysio's werden aangetroffen onder de 37 getoetste metalaxyl-resistente isolaten. 相似文献