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本研究遵循动物福利"5F"原则,结合150家规模化奶牛养殖场实地调研数据,构建奶牛场动物福利评价体系,测度动物福利水平,并进一步建立嵌入动物福利水平测度值的规模化奶牛养殖场收入函数,验证关联效应。结果表明:生理福利和环境福利是影响我国规模化奶牛养殖场动物福利的最重要的2个维度,受访的规模化奶牛养殖场生理福利和环境福利的平均水平较高,卫生福利亟待提升,生理福利、环境福利、卫生福利和行为福利对规模化奶牛养殖场经济效益有积极作用。 相似文献
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2011年7月7～11日期间,调研组对上海市奉贤区、青浦区、崇明县的12家规模奶牛场进行了调研。从调研结果看,上海市奶牛养殖水平较高,管理规范,奶价稳定,奶业发展形势良好。具体调研结果如下。1奶牛场基本情况1.1奶牛场投建12家奶牛场中,国有奶牛场有8家,占66.66.%;集体和联营的奶牛场各2家,分别占16.67%(图1)。12家牛场建成时间均较早,其中,2家建于1979年, 相似文献
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1 奶牛舒适的定义及评定
1.1 奶牛舒适的定义
奶牛舒适是奶牛福利的一部分.但是在中国,奶牛福利很难在短时间内实现,所以应该尽力满足奶牛最基本的要求--舒适.怎样做到奶牛舒适呢?主要考虑4个方面--吃、喝、休息、挤奶,包括为奶牛提供充足的优质新鲜饲料,清洁卫生的饮水,新鲜的空气,柔软、干净的休息场所,足够的活动空间,健康的蹄部和起卧都很轻松.提高奶牛舒适度,是提高奶牛场营运效益的有效手段.无论是管人还是管牛,都要换位思考,在奶牛场就要以牛为主.…… 相似文献
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高产奶量、低发病率是当今奶牛生产的主要目标,奶牛健康也关系到食品安全和动物福利。近年来随着奶牛生产潜力的提高,奶牛的代谢性及传染性疾病也出现升高的趋势,而这些疾病大多发生在围产期(Ingvartsen,2005)。奶牛的健康问题在一定程度上抵消了由生产力提高而增加的收益。奶牛围产期发生的多种代谢病相互联系、互相并发,同时也与产前日粮之间存在着一定的相关性,因此可以通过一定的饲养措施降低各种疾病的发生和提高奶牛的生产性能。为了提高奶牛场的生产和收益,就需要对奶牛进行适当的营养管理而使其顺利地渡过围产期。本文综述了近几年… 相似文献
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《养殖与饲料．饲料世界》2018,(12)
对垦区9家奶牛场饲养的4 156头奶牛进行蹄糜烂发病原因临床调查与分析,以期了解垦区奶牛蹄糜烂发病的原因及制定防治措施。调查结果显示,蹄糜烂年平均发生率为6.76%;不修蹄的奶牛蹄糜烂发病率比修蹄的显著增多;一年中6-10月发病率最高,占所有发病牛数的81.14%;圈舍、运动场污浊泥泞和杂物多,可使蹄糜烂发病显著增多;蹄糜烂奶牛乳蛋白显著降低。通过制定每年2次修蹄、6-10月增加圈舍和运动场空气及地面湿度、清除奶牛生活环境中杂物、污物和加强饲养管理等综合措施并督促实施,有效降低了奶牛蹄糜烂的发生。 相似文献
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北京是都市奶牛养殖业发展的典型代表,拥有规模化奶牛场49 家,存栏规模5.68 万头。得益于资金和技术支持,北京市奶业稳步发展,但受资源、环境、政策等因素影响,当地规模化奶牛养殖企业也面临管理难度大、环保压力大、养殖成本高等问题。优化规模化奶牛场综合管理是解决奶牛养殖区域性难题的有效途径。本文在充分调研北京市奶牛奶牛场粪污处理现状的基础上,以北京市延庆区大地群生养殖专业合作社为例,介绍科学养殖-高效粪污资源化利用综合管理方案,以期为都市型农业提供粪污管理方案提供参考。 相似文献
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Jason J Hayer Dorit Nysar Cline Heinemann Caroline D Leubner Julia Steinhoff-Wagner 《Journal of animal science》2021,99(10)
Consumers, industrial stakeholders, and the legislature demand a stronger focus on animal welfare of all livestock at the farm level by using suitable indicators in self-assessments. In order to deduce farms’ animal welfare status reliably, factors that influence indicators’ results need to be identified. Hence, this study aimed to apply possible animal welfare indicators for unweaned dairy calves on conventional dairy farms with early cow–calf separation and evaluate influencing factors such as age and sex of calves or climatic conditions on the applied indicators’ results. An animal welfare assessment using 7 resource-based and 14 animal-based indicators was conducted at 42 typical Western German dairy farms (844 calves) in 2018 and 2019 by two observers. The effect of influencing factors was calculated by binary and ordinal logistic regressions and expressed as odds ratios. Although every unweaned calf was assessed during the farm visits, most farms had relatively few unweaned calves (average number of calves ± standard deviation = 20.1 ± 6.7 calves), with six farms having not more than 10 calves. The small sample sizes question the usage of those indicators to compare between farms and to set thresholds at the farm level. Only one assessed indicator (cleanliness core body) was not statistically affected by the evaluated influencing factors. Calf age was identified as the most decisive factor, as it affected 16 of 21 evaluated indicators, and calf age distribution on-farm varied greatly. Climatic conditions (ambient temperature and rainfall) influenced resource-based indicators such as access to concentrate and water or the cleanliness of feeding implements and bedding as well as animal-based cleanliness indicators and the occurrence of health-related impairments such as coughing and diarrhea. The authors found differences between calves on farms assessed by the different observers not only in resource-based hygiene indicators but also in animal-based indicators such as hyperthermia or hypothermia, highlighting the need for further evaluation of quality criteria in dairy calf welfare assessments. Nevertheless, animal welfare assessments by farmers themselves could be useful tools to sensitize farmers to animal welfare and thereby improve calves’ welfare. 相似文献
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Michiru Fukasawa Masatoshi Kawahata Yumi Higashiyama Tokushi Komatsu 《Animal Science Journal》2017,88(2):394-400
The aim of this study is to identify the factors that comprise farmer attitudes toward dairy cows and jobs in Japan, and examine the relationship between these attitudes and dairy productivity. At first, we executed a questionnaire survey to determine factors that comprise attitudes of farmers toward their jobs and dairy cows, and three factors were extracted. These were named as ‘Positive beliefs to cows’, ‘Negative beliefs to cows’ and ‘Job satisfaction’, respectively. Second, we examined the relationships between attitude and dairy productivity in 35 dairy farms. The positive beliefs scores correlated positively both with milk yield and milk urea nitrogen concentration. We found there to be three farm groups by cluster analysis using three attitude score. The group B farms showed significantly higher positive beliefs scores and job satisfaction scores; on the other hand, the group C farms showed significantly lower positive beliefs scores and higher negative belief scores. The milk yield in group B was significantly higher than that in group C. This study showed that Japanese farmers' attitudes toward cows considerably resemble those seen in previous studies in Western cultures. Positive attitudes toward cows could enhance stockmanship, and could improving animal welfare and productivity. 相似文献
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奶牛养殖场生物安全体系关系着奶牛生产中动物疫病防控、畜产品质量安全和公共卫生安全,由于养殖企业管理水平参差不齐、国内标准规范不统一、没有国家强制性规定等问题,目前国内尚无一套系统、完善的奶牛养殖场生物安全体系建设规范。论文全面分析了目前我国奶牛养殖场生物安全体系建设的现状及存在的问题,就体系建设所涉及的基础设施建设、人员配置、种源管理、饲养管理、防疫管理、牛奶质量可追溯体系、无害化处理、动物福利等要素,提出了系统的针对性建议和对策,旨在为进一步规范我国奶牛养殖场生物安全体系建设提供依据。 相似文献
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Howard P 《The Veterinary record》2004,155(9):262-265
A questionnaire was designed to investigate calf health and welfare on dairy farms in the south west of England with regard to the degree of compliance with the Welfare of Farmed Animals (England) Regulations 2000. The level of veterinary involvement in calf rearing and management on dairy farms in the south west of England was also assessed. The questionnaire was sent to 32 large animal practices in the catchment area of the Veterinary Laboratories Agency--Langford. Compliance with the regulations was found to be variable. The requirements for the isolation of sick calves, provision of bovine colostrum within six hours of birth, the provision of fresh, clean water and restrictions concerning tethering were not well complied with. However, the requirements for twice-daily feeding and inspection, visual and tactile contact between calves, access to forage and the provision of clean, dry bedding were well complied with. The results also suggested that there was some lack of veterinary input into the health and welfare of calves on dairy farms visited by the practices routinely and non-routinely. 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two Swiss animal welfare friendly housing programs, 'regular access to outdoor facilities' (RAUS) and 'improved loose housing systems' (BTS) on health and welfare of dairy cows. During two years, the following indicators of health and welfare were observed on 136 randomly selected dairy farms: injuries around the joints, callosities, lameness, teat injuries, cleanliness, behaviour during lying and rising, body condition score, and incidence of medical treatments. Farms participating in both housing programs (BTS + RAUS) and farms with the program RAUS were compared to traditional farms that did not participate in a program. Housing system and management practice were recorded as additional factors influencing health and welfare of cows. Cows on farms participating in BTS + RAUS had, on average, fewer injuries around the hocks and fewer callosities at the carpal joints than cows in farms which did not participate in a housing program. Lameness was most frequent in cows of farms without housing program, followed by cows in tie stalls with the program RAUS and cows in loose housing systems with BTS + RAUS. There were fewer antibiotic treatments in farms with BTS + RAUS compared to the other farms. 相似文献
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Zimbabwe’s smallholder dairying faces many challenges that affect the welfare of dairy cows; however, the status of this welfare has not yet been determined. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Midlands Province on 41 active smallholder dairy farms with 86 cows in winter and summer to determine the risk factors and indicators to impaired cow welfare. These objectives were achieved using farmer questionnaires and direct observations. Eleven percent of the observed cows were severely lame in summer while only 5% were severely lame in winter. Lameness was significantly associated with season, absence of shade, breed, and low dipping frequency; 58% of the cows had low body condition scores (BC?<?3) and this low BC was associated with low frequency of protein (p?=?0.002) and vitamin (p?=?0.012) supplementation recorded in more than 52% of the farms visited. In winter, only 11% of the observed cows were heavily soiled (score 3), while in summer 64% of the cows were heavily soiled and this was associated with slurry accumulation in more than 80% of the observed cattle pens as well as the study season (p?<?0.001). A quarter (26%) of the studied animals had visible teat lesions on the teat skin and this was associated with the type of lubricant used (p?=?0.011). Only 34% of the cows allowed an approaching stockman to touch them and this was associated with shouting (p?=?0.012) and whipping of cows (p?=?0.002). The study concluded that welfare of dairy cows was poor in most of the smallholder dairy farms studied. 相似文献
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The preliminary findings from an investigation into the health and welfare of goats on commercial dairy goat farms in the UK are described. An assessment protocol involving direct observations of the goats was developed in order to assess their welfare. Twenty-four dairy goat farms in England and Wales were visited and assessed during the period autumn 2004 to summer 2005. The main welfare issues identified were lameness and claw overgrowth, udder and teat lesions, skin lesions and pruritus. 相似文献
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Morgante M Stelletta C Berzaghi P Gianesella M Andrighetto I 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2007,91(5-6):226-234
Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) represents one of the most important metabolic disorders in intensive dairy farms that affects rumen fermentations, animal welfare, productivity and farm profitability. The aim of the present study was to study the occurrence of SARA in intensive Italian dairy herds and to determine the relationship between diet composition, ruminal pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. Ten commercial dairy herds were investigated; twelve cows in each herd were selected randomly among animal without clinical signs of disease, with good body condition and between 5 and 60 day-in-milk (DIM), to perform rumenocentesis and obtain rumen fluid. Ruminal pH was determined immediately after sampling and concentration of SCFA in ruminal fluid was determined on samples after storage. An other objective of this research was to study in detail the effects of rumenocentesis on animal health: this study could confirm the extreme validity of this technique as ruminal sampling. Results were subject to anova and correlation analysis using SIGMA STAT 2.03. The results indicated the presence of SARA in three herds (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.5), a critical situation (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.8) in five farms and a normal rumen pH condition in two herds. In particular, dairy herds show on average SCFA concentration of 150, 145, 123 mmol/l for low pH, critical pH and normal pH herds respectively. There were not significant differences among diet composition even if herds with SARA showed a light discordance between initially chemistry composition and residual feed. In the affected herds it was not possible to understand the exact causes of SARA. Animal management seems to be one of the most important factors in developing SARA including total mixed ration preparation. 相似文献