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1.
高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠在高寒草甸生态系统的作用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张兴禄  李广 《草业科学》2015,32(5):816-822
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是高寒草甸生态系统中的重要组成部分,在生态系统能量循环中发挥着重要作用。本文从3个方面客观的分析了高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠对放牧地有益和有害的影响,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠对放牧地植物群落和土壤的影响及放牧地对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的影响,以改变目前人们对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的传统认识。高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠活动对放牧地利害转变的关键在于确定高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠种群致灾密度和家畜数量及放牧方式,从而发挥其积极作用,维持高寒草甸放牧地生态系统的平衡。  相似文献   

2.
高原鼢鼠与高原鼠兔共栖关系的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对高原鼢鼠与高原鼠兔在同一栖息地中的种群数量、领地重叠强度和种间距离的动态变化作了为时3年的观察研究。结果表明,在同一栖境下的一定时期内,高原鼢鼠的种群密度随高原鼠兔种群密度的增加而下降。与此同时,种间领地重叠强度随高原鼠兔种群密度的增加而增加,种间距离则随高原鼠兔种群密度的增加而缩小。两种鼠在同一生境下的共栖可以认为是高原鼠兔对高原鼢鼠栖息地选择性迁入的结果。高原鼠兔对高原鼢鼠具有强烈的侵扰性,并可导致高原鼢鼠因竞争失利而被迫外迁,最终在原栖息地消失。因此,高原鼠兔与高原鼢鼠的共栖只是一个种间竞争过程的外在表象,这一过程大约持续3年时间。  相似文献   

3.
高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠在高寒草甸中的作用   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
作为青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统组分的关键种,高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae和高原鼢鼠Myospalaxbaileyi在高寒草甸生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用。虽然高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠数量极端扩张后所产生的消极影响已被广泛认识,但其行为活动对生态系统土壤和植被的积极作用也不容忽略。通过简述青藏高原地区危害最严重的高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的生物学特征,全面分析了这2个种群的行为活动对高寒草甸生态系统植被和土壤的双重作用,指出这2个种群在适宜范围内对高寒草甸植被群落结构的种类组成、多样性、生物量及种子传播具有一定的积极效应,但当种群密度过大便会对高寒草甸生态系统的植被和土壤产生巨大的消极作用,加速植被和土壤退化。高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠活动利害转变的关键在于确定种群致灾密度,从而发挥其积极作用,维持高寒草甸生态系统的平衡。  相似文献   

4.
对 1 6例 (雄 1 0 ,雌 6 )高原鼠兔 (Ochotonacurzoni ae)的消化管进行了观察描述 :高原鼠兔的舌上有丝状、菌状、轮廓和叶状乳头 ;齿式为 2 2 0 321 0 2 3;单室胃 ,容积 3 2~8 0mL ;小肠平均长度为 970 1 7 88 0 8mm ,为体长的 7 31±0 2 8倍 ;大肠平均长度为 5 5 8 39± 6 6 39mm ,为体长的 4 2 1± 0 36倍 ;小肠与大肠总长度为 1 5 2 8 95± 1 4 7 78mm ,为体长 (1 32 78mm )的 1 1 5 2± 0 5 9倍 ;盲肠为 2 0 4 34±2 6 98mm ,为体长的 1 5 4倍。回盲口有盲小管 ,盲肠螺旋褶上有长丝状乳头 ,盲结口有盲结口瓣 ,盲结口下接结肠网状部。  相似文献   

5.
为了探明高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)在草地生态系统中的生态学地位,采用网格穿刺法对高原鼢鼠不同洞道空间与植被性状的对应关系以及对洞道上方植被特征的影响进行了研究。结果表明:洞道空间与鼠群密度成负相关,35%~45%的洞道空间是鼠群密度升降的临界区间,也是种群密度相对稳定的区间;适度的洞道空间(35%~45%)对草地植被盖度无显著性影响,但对物种多样性、高度和地上生物量则存在显著促进作用(P<0.05),并可显著提高禾草的优势度(P<0.05),弱化毒害草和根茎型莎草的竞争力;洞道上方植被物种多样性显著低于对照(P<0.05),植被高度和地上生物量均显著高于对照(P<0.05),而盖度则与对照无显著差异;同时,禾草和杂类草在群落中的优势地位也显著高于对照(P<0.05),而毒害草和莎草则显著低于对照(P<0.05)。因此,高原鼢鼠对植被的影响在很大程度上具有建设和修复的性质,是植被自然动态过程的组成部分,即使从人类经济利益的角度出发,这种影响也同样具有积极的意义。  相似文献   

6.
以祁连山东段高寒草甸栖息的高原鼢鼠(Moyspalax baileyi)为研究对象,于2018年7~10月,利用PVC管模拟高原鼢鼠洞道,使用录像设备和震动波检测设备记录高原鼢鼠室内震动信号和震动信号发生部位,并用Matlab软件分析震动信号特征.结果显示:(1)高原鼢鼠利用鼻吻部敲击洞道侧壁产生震动信号;(2)室内震动信号由数个连续的脉冲波组成.雄性个体一个敲击回合由2~17个脉冲(平均为6.67±2.63)组成,雌性个体一个敲击回合由2~14个脉冲(平均为6.04±2.35)组成;(3)雄性个体单回合敲击次数及持续时间显著高于雌性(P<0.05),但敲击回合的相邻时间间隔差异不显著(t=0.485,P=0.628).雄性相邻2次敲击时间间隔[(0.13±0.01)s]显著大于雌性[(0.12±0.01)s](t =4.256,P=0.016),说明雌性敲击频率高于雄性;(4)震动信号频率分布雌性个体介于19.13~120.57 Hz,雄性个体介于19.55~138.92 Hz,二者都偏于低频.雌性个体的主峰频率为54.28 Hz,雄性的主峰频率为49.16 Hz,雌性显著高于雄性(P<0.001).综上,高原鼢鼠利用鼻吻部敲击洞壁产生震动信号,雌雄个体震动信号的敲击回合、次数以及能量分布均存在显著差异.  相似文献   

7.
旨在了解四川省松潘县牦牛体表蜱、高原鼠兔巴尔通体和无形体感染情况。采集牦牛体表的蜱和捕获高原鼠兔,对蜱进行形态学初步鉴定后,提取蜱和高原鼠兔脾总DNA,PCR扩增蜱16S rRNA、巴尔通体rpoB和无形体16S rRNA基因,对PCR产物阳性产物测序、比对及构建系统进化树,从而确定蜱种类及蜱和高原鼠兔感染巴尔通体和无形体的种类及感染率。结果显示:在松潘县进安乡、山巴乡、下八寨乡各采集到蜱102、97和131只,共计330只,经鉴定均为青海血蜱。蜱巴尔通体仅检出1种巴尔通体,与B.melophagi亲缘关系最近,进安乡、山巴乡和下八寨乡检出率分别为16.7%、8.2%和18.3%,其中下八寨乡检出率显著高于进安乡(P<0.05);蜱源无形体进安乡、山巴乡和下八寨乡检出率分别为9.8%、12.4%和26.7%,下八寨乡检出率显著高于进安乡(P<0.01),检出的无形体均为1种,与牛无形体(A.bovis)亲缘关系最近;下八寨乡检出的鼠兔源巴尔通体与B.queenslandens亲缘关系最近,感染率为6.7%;进安乡、山巴乡和下八寨乡检出的鼠兔源巴尔通体与B.grahamii亲缘关系最近,感染率分别为8.7%、17.9%和13.3%,3个点检出率无显著差异;未定种Bartonella sp.(MN296294)和Bartonella sp.(MN296293)仅分别在进安乡和下巴乡检出;与蜱均检出无形体不同,高原鼠兔均未检出无形体。此外,蜱和高原鼠兔均未发现2种及2种以上病原混合感染。松潘县青海血蜱携带巴尔通体和无形体,高原鼠兔感染巴尔通体,且首次在高原鼠兔体内检测到疑似B.queenslandens的病原体,提示当地居民有感染这两类病原风险。  相似文献   

8.
为揭示高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)种群密度对高寒草甸土壤理化性质和植物生物量的影响,本研究选择祁连山东缘高原鼢鼠3个不同种群密度(高、中、低)干扰下高寒草甸样地,分析了土壤理化特性、植物生物量变化及干扰强度和土层间的互作效应。结果发现:随种群密度增多,土壤含水量、容重、有机碳、全氮含量和全磷含量均呈增加趋势,而全钾含量和根冠比降低,土壤碳氮比先减后增,总生物量及地下生物量逐渐降低,地上生物量先增后减;同一干扰强度下,土壤土层深度对其pH值、全氮含量和全磷含量有显著影响(P<0.05),对地下生物量和土壤水分有极显著性影响(P<0.01)。干扰强度和土层的互作对全钾、全磷和水分有显著性影响(P<0.05),对pH值和地下生物量有极显著影响(P<0.01)。可见,高原鼢鼠扰动显著改变了土壤理化性质和植物生物量,并与土层深度有互作效应。  相似文献   

9.
高原鼠兔喜欢刈割茂密高寒草甸中高大植物而影响植物群落内的种间关系。采用方差比率法、χ2检验和Spearman秩相关分析相结合的方法,分析了高原鼠兔刈割行为对高山嵩草草甸植物群落种间关联的影响。结果表明:高原鼠兔刈割会促进植物群落的种间总体联结从不显著正关联变为显著负关联,降低植物群落稳定性,减少植物群落内正关联和正相关的种对数量,增加负关联、无关联和负相关的种对数量。而综合χ2检验结果、AC值和OI指数,洞口植物群落大部分种对的种间关联均不显著,种间联结程度不强。这表明χ2检验和Spearman秩相关分析能够评价小型草食动物对植物群落种间关联的影响,为全面解析高原鼠兔整体干扰驱动植物群落结构变化提供了基础信息。  相似文献   

10.
《畜牧与兽医》2017,(4):54-57
探讨薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育作用,为高原鼠兔种群数量的控制提供依据。用不同薄荷油含量的颗粒剂对高原鼠兔进行摄食系数研究,筛选出适口性良好的剂量进一步研究其对高原鼠兔怀孕率及生殖器官临床剖检和病理学的影响。结果表明:薄荷油含量为0.54、0.27和0.135 m L/kg的颗粒剂摄食系数分别为1.03、0.97和0.84。0.54 m L/kg的薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育率达66%,经剖检,可见雄性高原鼠兔睾丸和输精管充血,雌性高原鼠兔出现子宫充血、胎儿吸收等现象;进一步组织病理学观察显示雄性高原鼠兔的睾丸和附睾内间质和精子均不同程度的减少,雌性高原鼠兔的卵巢和子宫可见细胞核碎裂等现象。结果提示,薄荷油颗粒剂对雌雄高原鼠兔均有良好的抗生育作用,主要作用器官为生殖器官,说明薄荷油颗粒剂具有应用于草原鼠害的防治潜力。  相似文献   

11.
旨在分析小麦粉中添加木聚糖酶(xylanase, Xyl)对藏羊羔羊胃肠道发育的影响。选择同质性良好的2~3月龄高原型藏羊公羔60只,随机分为两组,每组30只,各组内设置5个重复。对照组(Control group)饲喂不含木聚糖酶的日粮,试验组(Test group)饲喂含0.2%木聚糖酶的日粮,试验分为预饲期10 d和正试期90 d。饲养试验结束时,两组各随机选取5只羔羊进行屠宰,采集消化道组织置于多聚甲醛固定,并收集血液、瘤胃和空肠内容物。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,试验组瘤胃的角质层厚度、颗粒层厚度,瓣胃的乳头长度、乳头宽度、角质层厚度、颗粒层厚度,皱胃的黏膜厚度以及十二指肠的肌层厚度,空肠的绒毛高度、黏膜厚度,回肠的肌层厚度显著提高(P<0.05);2)对照组瘤胃和血清的LPS含量显著高于试验组(P<0.05);3)相较于对照组,试验组瘤胃的糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性以及空肠的糜蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶活性显著提高(P<0.05);4)试验组瘤胃的总抗氧化能力水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性以及空肠的总抗氧化能力水平、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶...  相似文献   

12.
Understanding a species' functional traits allows for a directed and productive perspective on the role a species plays in nature, and thus its relative importance to conservation planning. The functional‐trait ecology of the plateau pika Ochotona curzoniae is examined to better understand the resilience and sustainability of the high alpine grasslands of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The key functional traits of plateau pikas are their abundance and behavior of digging extensive burrow systems. Plateau pikas have been poisoned over a significant part of their original geographic distribution across the QTP, allowing comparison of ecological communities with and without pikas. Nearly all mammalian and avian carnivores, most of which are obligate predators on pikas, have been lost in regions where pikas have been poisoned. Most endemic birds on the QTP nest in pika burrows; when pikas are poisoned, burrows collapse, and these birds are greatly reduced in number. Due to the biopedturbation resulting from their burrows, regional plant species richness is higher in areas with pikas than without. The presence of pika burrows allows higher rates of infiltration during heavy monsoon rains compared to poisoned areas, possibly mitigating runoff and the potential for serious downslope erosion and flooding. Thus, the functional traits of plateau pikas enhance native biodiversity and other important ecosystem functions; these traits are irreplaceable. As plateau pikas are not natural colonizers, active re‐introduction programs are needed to restore pikas to areas from which they have been poisoned to restore the important functional ecological traits of pikas.  相似文献   

13.
Plateau zokor (Myospalax fontanierii) is a native subterranean rodent in alpine rangeland on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in China, and its foraging, digging, and mounds building cause the unique disturbance pattern to alpine rangeland ecosystem. Over the past decades, the zokors have been regarded as major pests who result in the degradation of the rangeland ecosystem in the QTP and have been simply eliminated by rodenticides or traps. Understanding the function of zokors and evaluating the zokors’ impacts on alpine rangeland systems should be the solid scientific basis for zokor control. In this study, we considered the average nearest neighbor indices of zokor mounds to represent the disturbance intensity of zokor to alpine rangeland and surveyed the plant species richness, diversity indices, biomass, and soil physicochemical properties in intermound areas under different zokor disturbance intensities in alpine rangeland in Tianzhu Tibet Autonomous County, located in eastern QTP. Our results indicated that 1) the plant species diversity indices were positively correlated with zokor disturbance intensity and aboveground and belowground biomasses were not significantly different under the different disturbance intensities; 2) the importance value of the forb functional group increased as the disturbance intensities increased, and the sedge functional group showed the opposite trend. The proportions of aboveground and belowground biomasses of forbs increased as the disturbance level increased; 3) there were no changes in the dominant plant species among the different disturbance intensities, but new plant species (Polygonum viviparum and Equisetum arvense) occurred in the plots with high disturbance intensities; 4) a significant positive correlation was observed between soil moisture in the 0-20 cm layer and disturbance intensity, while soil temperature exhibited a significantly negative relationship with the disturbance intensity; however, no differences in soil chemical properties were observed; and 5) redundancy analysis identified that mound building changed soil physical properties, especially soil moisture, in intermound areas, which influenced the plant community structure. In conclusion, the plateau zokor in our study area increased plant species diversity and did not decrease plant biomass, which is beneficial for alpine rangeland systems. We suggest that rangeland managers should consider the multiple functions of zokors to an alpine rangeland ecosystem instead of simply eliminating them.  相似文献   

14.
本试验旨在研究不同纤维源对成年扬州鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响。选用18只健康、体重相近的25周龄扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3组,即:稻壳粉组、苜蓿草粉组、羊草粉组,每组6只。试验期28 d,试验期末将试验鹅处死并留取各肠段组织,称重并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:①不同纤维源对十二指肠和空肠长度影响差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳草粉组回肠长度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组差异不显著(P>0.05)。②稻壳粉组十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肌层厚度均显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),其中苜蓿草粉组隐窝深度、V/C与羊草粉组差异显著(P<0.05);稻壳粉组与羊草粉组空肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著低于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),稻壳粉组与羊草粉组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳粉组肌层厚度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);羊草粉组回肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳粉组(P<0.05),3组间绒毛宽度差异显著(P<0.05),且以稻壳粉组最大,羊草粉组V/C显著高于苜蓿草粉组和稻壳粉组(P<0.05),羊草粉组肌层厚度显著低于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳草粉组(P<0.05)。由此可知,不同纤维源可显著影响25周龄扬州鹅肠道组织形态。  相似文献   

15.
试验选取6只1~1.5岁,体重(55.3±3.8)kg,装置永久性十二指肠近端T型瘘管和回肠末端T型瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,收集十二指肠和回肠食糜,通过自身对照试验,研究在精料型(玉米秸秆占30%)日粮条件下添喂气溶胶OT(0.8 g/kg日粮)对小尾寒羊前胃和小肠消化吸收的影响。结果表明,添喂气溶胶OT使小尾寒羊干物质自由采食量增加23.6%(P<0.01)。前胃干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质和纤维素的消化量分别增加39.2%(P<0.01)、37.3%(P<0.01)、21.8%(P<0.01)和13.4%(P<0.01);到达小肠的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、微生物蛋白质和过瘤胃蛋白质分别增加8.9%(P<0.01)、8.8%(P<0.01)、21.3%(P<0.01)、29.3%(P<0.01)和13.1%(P<0.01);总氨基酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸和苯丙氨酸分别增加45.6%(P<0.01)、62.7%(P<0.01)、40.8%(P<0.01)、32.8%(P<0.01)、32.0%(P<0.01)和32.3%(P<0.01)。小肠干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、钙和磷消化吸收量分别增加28.7%(P<0.01)、29.8%(P<0.01)、28.7%(P<0.01)、26.6%(P<0.01)和13.1%(P<0.01);小肠总氨基酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸消化吸收量分别增加37.6%(P<0.01)、56.9%(P<0.01)、28.6%(P<0.01)、40.9%(P<0.01)、41.5%(P<0.01)和51.7%(P<0.01)。由以上得出结论,添喂气溶胶OT可以提高小尾寒羊自由采食量,增加前胃和小肠营养物质消化吸收量,显著改善宿主的营养供应。  相似文献   

16.
基于无人机的青藏高原鼠兔潜在栖息地环境初步研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原生态系统中的关键种之一,其栖息地环境特征对其空间分布的影响一直是重要的研究内容。由于传统地面观测方法耗时耗力,而卫星遥感分辨率低没法识别,因而对高原鼠兔栖息地的研究多为定性且缺少大范围量化研究。无人机航拍为研究高原鼠兔栖息地提供了新的可能,本研究于2015年6月-8月在青藏高原进行了定点定高航拍,共布设了约300个工作地点,获取了约1 800张航拍照片;每张照片覆盖地面26 m×35 m,每个像元覆盖地面约为1 cm~2;通过自主开发的照片处理软件对鼠洞进行自动识别和人工校正,并结合样地的地表温度、植被、土壤水分等信息进行分析。结果表明,1)高原鼠兔洞口密度在不同草地类型中的分布显著不同(P0.05),高寒草甸高原鼠兔洞口密度显著高于其它草地类型,荒漠高原鼠兔洞口密度最小;2)高原鼠兔最适宜的栖息地环境:NDVI值为0.5~0.6,土壤含水量为20%~25%,生长季陆地表面温度为28.5~29℃;3)高原鼠兔洞口密度与NDVI和土壤水分呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),但与陆地表面温度呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。以上结果说明,植被和土壤水热是影响高原鼠兔选择栖息地的主要因子,高原鼠兔偏向于选择植被条件较好、土壤含水量较高,生长季陆地表面温度较低的区域。  相似文献   

17.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary fiber sources on intestine tissue morphology changes of adult Yangzhou geese.Eighteen Yangzhou geese with 25 weeks old were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 geese per group, namely:Rice husk meal group, alfalfa meal group and Chinese wildrye group.At the end of the test, all geese were weighed, slaughtered and intestinal tract were collected to observe intestine tissue morphology.The results showed as follows:① No significant differences were found in the length of the duodenum and jejunum among three groups (P>0.05), ileum length of rice husk meal group was significantly higher than of alfalfa meal and Chinese wildrye groups (P<0.05), but no significant differences were found between alfalfa meal group and Chinese wildrye group (P>0.05).② Duodenal villus height, villus width, crypt depth and muscle thickness of rice husk meal group were significantly higher than that of alfalfa meal group and Chinese wildrye group (P<0.05), where the crypt depth and V/C of Chinese wildrye group were significant different from alfalfa meal group (P<0.05).Jejunum villus height of rice husk meal group and Chinese wildrye group were significantly higher than alfalfa meal group (P<0.05), while crypt depth was significant lower than alfalfa meal group (P<0.05)with no significant differences founding between rice husk meal group and Chinese wildrye group (P>0.05).Muscle thickness of rice husk meal group were significantly higher than alfalfa meal group (P<0.05).Ileac villus height of Chinese wildrye group was significantly higher than the rest groups (P<0.05) and villus width of three groups showed significant differences (P<0.05), rice husk meal group was the biggest.V/C of Chinese wildrye group were significant higher than the other two groups (P<0.05), and muscle thickness of Chinese wildrye group was significantly higher than rice husk meal group and alfalfa group (P<0.05).In conclusion, the different sources of dietary fiber could significantly affect intestinal tissue morphology of adult Yangzhou geese.  相似文献   

18.
为探究不同类型草地牧草营养品质和消化率的差异,本研究以青藏高原典型的高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草原、荒漠草原和温性荒漠草原为研究对象,对不同类型草地牧草营养品质和消化率及其相关性进行研究。结果表明:不同类型草地间牧草粗蛋白(Crude protein,CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber,ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergent fiber,NDF)和干物质消化率(Dry matter digestibility,DMD)含量差异显著(P<0.01)。Pearson相关性分析表明,DMD与CP呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与NDF,ADF之间呈显著负相关(P<0.05);海拔高度(Elevation,ELE)与DMD,CP显著正相关(P<0.05),而与NDF和ADF显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,青藏高原不同类型草地间牧草CP,ADF,NDF和DMD均存在显著差异,且主要表现为随着海拔的升高,ADF和NDF逐渐降低,而CP和DMD逐渐增高,牧草品质逐渐升高。  相似文献   

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