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反刍动物的瘤胃是一个复杂的厌氧微生态发酵系统,研究其瘤胃微生物区系组成与功能已成为反刍动物营养学的重要内容,分子生物学技术是开展瘤胃微生物研究的重要技术手段。本文就变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术、16S r DNA序列分析、宏基因组技术、DNA芯片技术等在瘤胃细菌多样性研究中的应用情况进行了总结与归纳,为今后开展此方面研究工作提供技术参考。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物群落具有丰富的多样性,主要包括瘤胃原虫、瘤胃细菌和厌氧真菌,它们各自有其独特的功能,同时又相互联系,共同与宿主之间构成了复杂的微生态系统。为了探明瘤胃微生态系统,一方面要完善传统的微生物分离技术,另一方面要大力发展分子生物学技术,将二者结合起来进行研究。 相似文献
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反刍动物通过瘤胃微生物的发酵可以利用大量纤维性饲料。近年来随着分子生物学、测序技术和多组学的发展,调控瘤胃微生物是反刍动物营养学研究的热点之一。由于成年反刍动物瘤胃微生态的稳定性,导致调控技术收效甚微。然而,如果在反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立的早期进行人为干预会获得较好的效果。因此,研究反刍动物瘤胃微生物的定植规律对科学调控瘤胃功能具有重要意义。基于此,综述近年来反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立过程的研究进展,旨在为反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立过程与调控的研究提供新的线索。 相似文献
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试验旨在研究微生态制剂对围产期牦牛血液生化、瘤胃微生物区系和瘤胃发酵功能的影响。将20头牦牛,按照年龄、体重、胎次及生理状态相近的配对原则,分为对照组和处理组(微生态制剂),饲喂期42 d,在不同日龄收集血清和瘤胃液。结果表明,与对照组相比,微生态制剂可以降低血液中β-羟丁酸(BHBA)浓度和瘤胃液中乳酸浓度,增加瘤胃液中丙酸浓度;显著增加瘤胃液中反刍月形单胞菌和栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌数量,降低黄色瘤胃球菌数量。研究表明,微生态制剂通过影响围产期牦牛瘤胃微生物,可以改善牦牛瘤胃发酵功能和产后代谢紊乱。 相似文献
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Inclusion of novel bacteria in rumen microbiology: Need for basic and applied science 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yasuo KOBAYASHI 《Animal Science Journal》2006,77(4):375-385
Rumen microbiology has made a significant contribution to the understanding of ruminant nutrition. However, further progress in research has been hindered by the incomplete analysis of the rumen microbiota comprised of bacteria, protozoa and fungi, most of which remain uncharacterized due to the difficulties in their isolation and cultivation. In order to maximize rumen fiber digestion, it is necessary to understand the community structure of rumen microbes, especially bacteria, and the factors that influence their composition. Recent advances in molecular biology techniques allow the analysis of such bacteria without cultivation, thereby identifying many functional, but uncultured, bacteria as new targets for basic and applied research. Specific uncultured bacterial groups are being considered as important members of a fibrolytic consortium in the rumen, judging by their ecologic distribution. The inclusion of such uncharacterized bacteria in analyses is crucial for understanding the rumen microbial community and its manipulation. In addition, these bacteria could potentially be candidates as probiotics and sources of enzymes for animal feed and other industrial uses. 相似文献
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The intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota could play important biological roles due to its close proximity with the animal host, but knowledge on its composition is still limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbial communities tightly associated with different parts (rumen, duodenum and colon) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of healthy lambs and calves by using both cultural, and fluorescent in situ hybridization-flow cytometry (FCM-FISH) techniques. Lactic acid bacteria genera were one of the predominant bacteria detected in lambs and calves by both methodologies, possibly constituting an index of their healthy status. The levels of Lactobacillus were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the rumen and duodenum of lambs, and in the rumen of calves. The levels of Bifidobacterium were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the colon of both animal species and the rumen of lambs. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in counts of other microbial groups (yeast, Enterococcus, Propionibacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae) at diverse GI sections depending on the animal species. In general, microbial counts follow the same trends regardless the applied technique. The most remarkable differences were found in detection levels of Bacteroides and Clostridium, which tended to be significantly higher (p<0.05) when analysed by FCM-FISH. This technique also allowed the detection of quantitatively important bacteria (sulphate-reducing bacteria, Atopobium and Coriobacterium), which are difficult to cultivate in selective medium. Therefore, FCM-FISH has been proven to be a sensitive high throughput approach that provides additional information to that obtained by traditional culture techniques about the complexity of the GI ecosystem of these animal species. 相似文献
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Understanding host-microbial interactions in rumen:searching the best opportunity for microbiota manipulation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2017,(2)
Ruminants utilize a wide variety of dietary substrates that are not digestible by the mammals, through microbial fermentation taking place in the rumen. Recent advanced molecular based approaches have allowed the characterization of rumen microbiota and its compositional changes under various treatment conditions.However, the knowledge is still limited on the impacts of variations in the rumen microbiota on host biology and function. This review summarizes the information to date on host-microbial interactions in the rumen and how we can apply such information to seek the opportunities to enhance the animal performance through manipulating the rumen function. 相似文献
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2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展
Ⅰ.瘤胃微生物多样性和功能 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
随着试验生物学和生物信息学的快速发展,对瘤胃微生物的多样性和功能开展了系统的研究。笔者综述了2007～2008年在CNKI、ADSA ASAS大会和PubMed等数据库中与瘤胃微生物分子多态性和元基因组学相关的32篇文献。瘤胃微生物群落在“属”分类水平上多样性水平较低,在亚种或菌株水平上表现出极大的多样性,多样性指数估计表明,瘤胃内细菌种类约为900多种,而菌株类型（独特序列型）约为97000种。瘤胃微生物群落结构受到宿主遗传背景、生长发育阶段、日粮、环境条件等多种因素的影响。瘤胃微生物组中蕴藏了大量具有应用潜力的遗传资源,这些结果为准确了解瘤胃微生物群落结构、功能及其调控方式提供了重要的基础。 相似文献
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L. Abecia E. C. Soto E. Ramos‐Morales E. Molina‐Alcaide 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2014,98(5):1001-1012
This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between chemical composition and microbial profile of rumen liquid‐associated bacteria (LAB) in vivo (Murciano‐Granadina goats) and in a rumen simulation system (single‐flow continuous‐culture fermenters). To achieve this aim, analyses of purine bases along with some molecular techniques (quantitative PCR to assess abundance and DGGE to identify biodiversity and bacterial profile) were carried out. A control diet (AHC) based on alfalfa hay (AH) and concentrate (C) in a 1:1 ratio and two experimental diets (AHCBI and AHCBII), in which concentrate was partially replaced with multinutrient blocks, were used. Diets AHCBI and AHCBII included multinutrient blocks differing in the relative amount of two‐stage olive cake and the source of protein (sunflower meal vs. fava beans). We aimed to investigate the effect of these blocks on rumen microbiota to evaluate their potential as safe substitutes of cereal‐based concentrates. Similar patterns of response to diet were found for chemical composition, microbial abundances and diversity in LAB isolated from goat's rumen and fermenters. Whereas bacterial density (log10 gene copies/g FM: 11.6 and 9.4 for bacteria and methanogens, respectively, in rumen) and diversity indexes (Shannon index: 3.6) were not affected by diet, DGGE analyses showed that bacterial community profile was affected. The cluster analysis suggested differences in bacterial profile between LAB pellets isolated from the rumen of goat and fermenters. A relationship between chemical composition and bacterial community composition in LAB pellets seems to exist. Changes in the former were reflected in the bacterial community profile. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between chemical and microbial composition of ruminal bacterial pellets with diets of different quality. 相似文献
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虽然在哺乳动物体内都存在尿素循环利用机制,但是反刍动物由于瘤胃的存在而使得尿素循环在维系机体氮平衡和提高氮素利用效率等方面发挥着更加重要的生物学意义。通过瘤胃壁扩散或转运,血液中的尿素可进入胃肠道,在脲酶的作用下转化为氨态氮,从而为瘤胃微生物蛋白合成提供氮源。研究表明,尿素在瘤胃上皮的自由扩散速度较慢,而尿素转运蛋白可以介导尿素分子高效地进行跨膜转运,其也被认为是反刍动物尿素循环最重要的调控因子。然而,相关报道已经证实,尿素转运蛋白的表达和功能发挥受到日粮营养水平与结构组成、瘤胃内环境、动物年龄等因素的影响。本文以尿素循环为出发点,重点阐述了反刍动物体内尿素循环的特点、影响因素以及尿素转运蛋白的表达特征及其分子调控过程,以期从分子生物学角度解析反刍动物尿素循环的作用机制,从而为生产实践中动物氮素的精准营养提供理论依据和技术支撑。 相似文献