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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of enteral administration of doxycycline, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and enrofloxacin at therapeutic dosages for a typical duration on hemostatic variables in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 14 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Doxycycline (10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), amoxicillin (30 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), cephalexin (30 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), and enrofloxacin (20 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) were administered in random order to 10 healthy dogs at standard therapeutic dosages for 7 days, with a 7-day washout period between subsequent antimicrobials. In addition, 4 Beagles served as control dogs. Variables were evaluated before and after antimicrobial administration; they included platelet count, Hct, 1-stage prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen concentration, and platelet function. Platelet function was assessed via buccal mucosal bleeding time, aggregation, and a platelet-function analyzer. RESULTS: Administration of all antimicrobials caused a slight prolongation of 1-stage PT and activated PTT and slight decrease in fibrinogen concentration. Cephalexin caused a significant increase in 1-stage PT and activated PTT, amoxicillin caused a significant increase in activated PTT, and enrofloxacin caused a significant decrease in fibrinogen concentration. Platelet count or function did not differ significantly after administration of any antimicrobial. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral administration of commonly used antimicrobials in healthy dogs resulted in minor secondary hemostatic abnormalities, with no change in platelet count or function. Although these changes were clinically irrelevant in healthy dogs, additional studies of the effects of antimicrobial administration on hemostasis in animals with underlying disease processes are warranted.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical accuracy of reagent test strips used to estimate BUN concentration in dogs and cats. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 116 dogs and 58 cats. PROCEDURE: Blood samples were collected at the time of admission to the hospital. Estimates of BUN concentration obtained with reagent test strips (category 1 [5 to 15 mg/dL], 2 (15 to 26 mg/dL], 3 [30 to 40 mg/dL], or 4 [50 to 80 mg/dL]) were compared with SUN concentrations measured with an automated analyzer. For dogs, category 1 and 2 test strip results were considered a negative result (nonazotemic) and category 3 and 4 test strip results were considered a positive result (azotemic). For cats, category 1, 2, and 3 test strip results were considered a negative result (nonazotemic) and category 4 test strip results were considered a positive result (azotemic). RESULTS: On the basis of SUN concentration, 40 of the 174 (23%) animals (20 dogs and 20 cats) were classified as azotemic. One dog and 2 cats had false-negative test strip results, and 1 dog had a false-positive result. Sensitivity and specificity were 95% (20/21) and 99% (94/95), respectively, for dogs and 87% (13/15) and 100% (43/43), respectively, for cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that reagent test strips are a reliable method for rapidly estimating BUN concentrations in dogs and cats. Because test strip results are only semiquantitative and there remains a potential for misclassification, especially in cats, urea nitrogen concentration should ultimately be verified by means of standard chemistry techniques.  相似文献   

3.
CASE DESCRIPTION: 1 dog evaluated because of inappetence and lameness of the left hind limb of 1 day's duration and 1 dog evaluated because of inappetence, fever, and lymphadenopathy of 2 weeks' duration. CLINICAL FINDINGS: Histologic examination of excisional biopsy specimens from lymph nodes revealed pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis in both dogs. Quantitative real-time PCR assays detected Bartonella henselae DNA in blood samples and affected lymph node specimens from both dogs. Antibodies against B. henselae were not detected via immunofluorescent antibody testing during active disease in either dog. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: 1 dog recovered after 6 weeks of treatment with doxycycline (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], p.o., q 12 h), whereas the other dog recovered after receiving a combination of azithromycin (14.5 mg/kg [6.6 mg/lb], p.o., q 24 h for 21 days), doxycycline (17.3 mg/kg [7.9 mg/lb], p.o., q 24 h for 4 weeks), and immunosuppressive corticosteroid (prednisone [3 mg/kg {1.4 mg/lb}, p.o., q 24 h], tapered by decreasing the daily dose by 25% every 2 weeks) treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: B. henselae is implicated as a possible cause or a cofactor in the development of pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis in dogs. In dogs with pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis, immunofluorescent assays may not detect antibodies against B. henselae. Molecular testing, including PCR assay of affected tissues, may provide an alternative diagnostic method for detection of B. henselae DNA in pyogranulomatous lymph nodes.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of 2 protocols using bromocriptine mesylate and prostaglandins to terminate unwanted pregnancy in bitches. DESIGN: Prospective randomized single-blind controlled study. ANIMALS: 34 crossbred and purebred bitches referred for possible pregnancy termination. Seven additional pregnant bitches were used as controls. PROCEDURE: Pregnancy was assessed by ultrasonographic examination from day 25 after mating in all bitches. Of the 34 bitches, 25 were pregnant and were randomly allocated to a treatment group. Group-1 dogs (n = 12) received a combination of increasing amounts of bromocriptine mesylate (15 to 30 microg/kg [6.8 to 13.6 microg/lb], p.o., q 12 h) and dinoprost tromethamine (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg [0.045 to 0.09 mg/lb], s.c., q 24 h). Group-2 dogs (n =13) received a combination of increasing amounts of bromocriptine mesylate (the same schedule as group-1 dogs) and cloprostenol sodium (1 microg/kg [0.45 microg/lb], s.c., q 48 h). Both groups were treated until pregnancy termination. Results-Treatment success was 100% in both groups. Days of treatment required for pregnancy termination did not significantly differ between groups (5.0 +/- 0.6 vs 3.7 +/- 0.6 days, group-1 and group-2 dogs, respectively) although adverse effects only developed in group-1 dogs. At the end of the protocols, pseudopregnancy was observed in 3 of 12 and 6 of 13 group-1 and group-2 dogs, respectively. Pregnancy termination was followed by a mucoid sanguineous vulvar discharge for 3 to 10 days. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of this study indicate that protocols that combine the use of bromocriptine mesylate and prostaglandins for the termination of unwanted pregnancy in bitches are efficient and safe. The use of bromocriptine mesylate and cloprostenol had the best results and could be easily used on an outpatient basis.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To compare treatment with enrofloxacin and doxycycline with no treatment in cats experimentally infected with Haemobartonella felis. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. ANIMALS: 16 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were inoculated with large-form H. felis from a chronically infected donor. Cats were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: doxycycline (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], p.o., q 12 h), low-dose enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, p.o., q 24 h), high-dose enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], p.o., q 24 h), and an untreated control group. Clinical signs, Hct, blood smears, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were used to monitor progression of the infection. RESULTS: All cats were confirmed to be infected with H. felis via blood smear evaluations and PCR assay results. Treatment had no effect on Hct during the intratreatment period, but Hct values were significantly greater in the low-dose enrofloxacin group, compared with the control group, during the posttreatment period. During the intratreatment period, H. felis organism counts per 1,000 RBC in the doxycycline treatment and the high-dose enrofloxacin treatment groups decreased at a significantly faster rate than those in the control group. In the posttreatment period, organism counts in the doxycycline treatment group and the low- and high-dose enrofloxacin groups decreased at significantly faster rates than counts in the control group. There was no significant effect of treatment on the number of positive PCR assay results. Two cats treated with enrofloxacin and 1 cat treated with doxycycline completely cleared the H. fe is organism despite presumed immunosuppression caused by glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results support the hypothesis that enrofloxacin has anti-H. felis effects.  相似文献   

6.
The pharmacokinetics after oral application of the fluoroquinolones (FQs), enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin and orbifloxacin were compared in independent crossover studies in Beagle dogs. Commercially available tablet formulations were given at common dosage recommended by the manufacturers which were 2.0 mg/kg body weight (bw) for marbofloxacin, 2.5 mg/kg bw for orbifloxacin and 5.0 mg/kg bw for enrofloxacin and difloxacin. Analysis was performed by an agar diffusion assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. All FQs were rapidly absorbed and achieved average peak serum concentrations of 1.41, 1.11, 1.47 and 1.37 mug/mL for enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin and orbifloxacin, respectively. Enrofloxacin was eliminated at a terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of 4.1 h, difloxacin at 6.9 h, orbifloxacin at 7.1 h and marbofloxacin at 9.1 h. While the area under the serum concentration-time curve of the 24-h dosing interval (AUC0--24) for marbofloxacin and orbifloxacin were similar (approximately 13 microg x h/mL), enrofloxacin attained an AUC(0-24) of 8.7 and difloxacin of 9.3 microg x h/mL. Because of its favourable pharmacokinetics combined with excellent in vitro activity, enrofloxacin exhibited superior pharmacodynamic predictors of in vivo antimicrobial activity as C(max)/MIC (maximum serum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration) and AUC(0-24)/MIC (area under the 24-h serum concentration--time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration) compared with other FQs.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a brand of extended-release theophylline tablets and capsules in healthy cats. DESIGN: Randomized 3-way crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy cats. PROCEDURES: A single dose of aminophylline (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], IV), a 100-mg extended-release theophylline tablet, or a 125-mg extended-release theophylline capsule was administered to all cats. Plasma samples were collected via preplaced central catheters throughout a 36-hour period. Plasma samples were frozen until analyzed by use of a fluorescence polarization monoclonal immunoassay. RESULTS: All cats tolerated drug administration and plasma collection with no adverse effects. Peak concentrations were reached for both orally administered products between 8 and 12 hours after administration. Bioavailability was excellent. Plasma concentrations were within the human therapeutic concentration of 5 to 20 microg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Daily administration of the brand of theophylline tablets and capsules used in this study at 15 mg/kg (6.8 mg/lb) and 19 mg/kg (8.6 mg/lb), respectively, maintained plasma concentrations within the desired therapeutic range in healthy cats.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of twice-daily oral administration of a low-dose of trilostane treatment and assess the duration of effects after once-daily trilostane administration in dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism (NOH). DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 28 dogs with NOH. PROCEDURES: 22 dogs received 0.5 to 2.5 mg of trilostane/kg (0.23 to 1.14 mg/lb) orally every 12 hours initially. At intervals, dogs were reevaluated; owner assessment of treatment response was recorded. To assess drug effect duration, 16 of the 22 dogs and 6 additional dogs underwent 2 ACTH stimulation tests 3 to 4 hours and 8 to 9 hours after once-daily trilostane administration. RESULTS: After 1 to 2 weeks, mean trilostane dosage was 1.4 mg/kg (0.64 mg/lb) every 12 hours (n = 22 dogs; good response [resolution of signs], 8; poor response, 14). Four to 8 weeks later, mean dosage was 1.8 mg/kg (0.82 mg/lb) every 12 or 8 hours (n = 21 and 1 dogs, respectively; good response, 15; poor response, 5; 2 dogs were ill). Eight to 16 weeks after the second reevaluation, remaining dogs had good responses (mean dosages, 1.9 mg/kg [0.86 mg/lb], q 12 h [n = 13 dogs] and 1.3 mg/kg [0.59 mg/lb], q 8 h [3]). At 3 to 4 hours and 8 to 9 hours after once-daily dosing, mean post-ACTH stimulation serum cortisol concentrations were 2.60 and 8.09 Pg/dL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In dogs with NOH, administration of trilostane at low doses every 12 hours was effective, although 2 dogs became ill during treatment. Drug effects diminished within 8 to 9 hours. Because of potential adverse effects, lower doses should be evaluated.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. DESIGN: Original study. ANIMALS: 8 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. PROCEDURE: 4 treatment protocols were evaluated in each dog (a low calcium, low protein diet designed to prevent calcium oxalate urolith formation with and without administration of HCTZ [2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, PO, q 12 h] and a maintenance diet with higher quantities of protein and calcium with and without administration of HCTZ). At the end of each 2-week treatment period, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Blood samples were collected during the midpoint of each urine collection period. Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of HCTZ and diet on urine and serum analytes. RESULTS: Hydrochlorothiazide significantly decreased urine calcium and potassium concentration and excretion. Hydrochlorothiazide also significantly decreased serum potassium concentration. Compared with the maintenance diet, the urolith prevention diet significantly decreased urine calcium and oxalic acid concentration and excretion. Dogs consuming the urolith prevention diet had significantly lower serum concentrations of albumin and urea nitrogen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of HCTZ decreased urine calcium excretion in dogs with a history of calcium oxalate urolith formation. The greatest reduction in urine calcium concentration and excretion was achieved when dogs received HCTZ and the urolith prevention diet. Results of this study suggest that the hypocalciuric effect of HCTZ will minimize recurrence of calcium oxalate urolith formation in dogs; however, long-term controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of HCTZ.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical safety of administration of injectable enrofloxacin. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 24 adult horses. PROCEDURES: Healthy horses were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups that received placebo injections (control) or IV administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], 15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb], or 25 mg/kg [11.4 mg/lb] of body weight, q 24 h) for 21 days. Joint angles, cross-sectional area of superficial and deep digital flexor and calcaneal tendons, carpal or tarsal osteophytes or lucency, and midcarpal and tarsocrural articular cartilage lesions were measured. Physical and lameness examinations were performed daily. Measurements were repeated after day 21, and articular cartilage and bone biopsy specimens were examined. RESULTS: Enrofloxacin did not induce changes in most variables during administration or for 7 days after administration. One horse (dosage, 15 mg/kg) developed lameness and cellulitis around the tarsal plantar ligament during the last week of administration. One horse (dosage, 15 mg/kg) developed mild superficial digital flexor tendinitis, and 1 horse (dosage, 25 mg/kg) developed tarsal sheath effusion without lameness 3 days after the last administration. High doses of enrofloxacin (15 and 25 mg/kg) administered by bolus injection intermittently induced transient neurologic signs that completely resolved within 10 minutes without long-term effects. Slower injection and dilution of the dose ameliorated the neurologic signs. Adverse reactions were not detected with a 5 mg/kg dose administered IV as a bolus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enrofloxacin administered IV once daily at the rate of 5 mg/kg for 3 weeks is safe in adult horses.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy. DESIGN: Randomized, masked clinical trial. ANIMALS: 22 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE: 60 minutes before induction of anesthesia, 11 dogs were given 0.9% NaCl solution (control), and 11 dogs were given ketoprofen (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], IM). Thirty minutes before induction of anesthesia, glycopyrrolate (0.01mg/kg [0.005 mg/lb]), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg [0.02 mg/lb]), and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg 10.09 mg/lb]) were given IM to all dogs. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (5 to 10 mg/kg [2.3 to 4.5 mg/lb], IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1 to 3%). Ovariohysterectomy was performed and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.05 mg/lb], IV) was given 15 minutes before completion of surgery. Blood samples for measurement of variables were collected at intervals before and after surgery. RESULTS: In dogs given ketoprofen, platelet aggregation was decreased 95 +/- 10% and 80 +/- 35% (mean +/- SD) immediately after surgery and 24 hours after surgery, respectively, compared with preoperative values. At both times, mean values in dogs given ketoprofen differed significantly from those in control dogs. Significant differences between groups were not observed for mucosal bleeding time or hematologic indices. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative administration of ketoprofen inhibited platelet aggre gation but did not alter bleeding time. Ketoprofen can be given before surgery to healthy dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy, provided that dogs are screened for potential bleeding problems before surgery and monitored closely after surgery.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To compare pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered IV and in various oral preparations to ewes. ANIMALS: 5 mature Katahdin ewes weighing 42 to 50 kg. PROCEDURE: Ewes received 4 single-dose treatments of enrofloxacin in a nonrandomized crossover design followed by a multiple-dose oral regimen. Single-dose treatments consisted of an IV bolus of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg), an oral drench (10 mg/kg) made from crushed enrofloxacin tablets, oral administration in feed (10 mg/kg; mixture of crushed enrofloxacin tablets and grain), and another type of oral administration in feed (10 mg/kg; mixture of enrofloxacin solution and grain). The multiple-dose regimen consisted of feeding a mixture of enrofloxacin solution and grain (10 mg/kg, q 24 h, for 7 days). Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Harmonic mean half-life for oral administration was 14.80, 10.80, and 13.07 hours, respectively, for the oral drench, crushed tablets in grain, and enrofloxacin solution in grain. Oral bioavailability for the oral drench, crushed tablets in grain, and enrofloxacin in grain was 4789, 98.07, and 94.60%, respectively, and median maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1.61, 2.69, and 2.26 microg/ml, respectively. Median Cmax of the multiple-dose regimen was 2.99 microg/ml. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enrofloxacin administered orally to sheep has a prolonged half-life and high oral bioavailability. Oral administration at 10 mg/kg, q 24 h, was sufficient to achieve a plasma concentration of 8 to 10 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of any microorganism with an MIC < or = 0.29 microg/ml.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cabergoline would be safe and effective for induction of estrus in dogs with primary or secondary anestrus. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 6 privately owned otherwise healthy pure-bred dogs with primary or secondary anestrus. PROCEDURE: Dogs were treated with cabergoline (5 microg/kg [2.3 microg/lb], p.o., q 24 h) until 2 days after the onset of proestrus. Follicular development was assessed by means of cytologic examination of vaginal smears; ovulation was assessed by measuring serum progesterone concentration 3 weeks after the onset of estrus. Five bitches were mated during behavioral estrus. RESULTS: All dogs had normal estrus periods, and all 5 dogs that were mated whelped normal litters. Mean duration of cabergoline treatment was 16 days. None of the dogs had any adverse effects associated with cabergoline administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that administration of cabergoline is safe and effective for treatment for primary and secondary anestrus in dogs.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of cyclosporine A, administered at either of 2 dosages, in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). DESIGN: Multicenter randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 91 dogs with AD. PROCEDURE: Dogs were assigned to receive placebo (30 dogs), cyclosporine at a low dosage (2.5 mg/kg [1.1 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h for 6 weeks; 30 dogs), or cyclosporine at a high dosage (5.0 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h for 6 weeks; 31 dogs). RESULTS: After 6 weeks, mean percentage reductions, compared with baseline scores, in scores of lesion severity were 34, 41, and 67% for dogs treated with the placebo, cyclosporine at the low dosage, and cyclosporine at the high dosage, respectively. Similarly, mean percentage reductions in pruritus scores were 15, 31, and 45%, respectively. Percentage reductions in skin lesion and pruritus scores were significantly higher for dogs given cyclosporine at the high dosage than for dogs given the placebo. Treatment efficacy was significantly associated with whether dogs had a history of seasonal AD. Percentage reductions in skin lesion and pruritus scores were high for dogs treated with cyclosporine at the highest dosage that had a history of nonseasonal AD. Dogs in all groups with seasonal AD improved during the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that oral administration of cyclosporine at a dosage of 5.0 mg/kg once daily is effective in reducing severity of pruritus and skin lesions in dogs with AD, especially those with nonseasonal disease.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate renal effects of carprofen in healthy dogs following general anesthesia. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 10 English hound dogs (6 females and 4 males). PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly assigned to control (n = 5) or carprofen (5) groups. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (6 to 8 mg/kg [2.7 to 3.6 mg/lb] of body weight, i.v.) and maintained with isoflurane (end-tidal concentration, 2.0%). Each dog underwent two 60-minute anesthetic episodes with 1 week between episodes, and mean arterial blood pressure was maintained between 60 and 90 mm Hg during each episode. Dogs in the carprofen group received carprofen (2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb], p.o.) at 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM the day before and at 7:00 AM the day of the second anesthetic episode. Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were determined during each anesthetic episode by use of renal scintigraphy. Serum creatinine and BUN concentrations and the urine gamma-glutamyltransferase-to-creatinine concentration (urine GGT:creatinine) ratio were determined daily for 2 days before and 5 days after general anesthesia. RESULTS: Significant differences were not detected in BUN and serum creatinine concentrations, urine GGT:creatinine ratio, and GFR either between or within treatment groups over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carprofen did not significantly alter renal function in healthy dogs anesthetized with propofol and isoflurane. These results suggest that carprofen may be safe to use for preemptive perioperative analgesia, provided that normal cardiorespiratory function is maintained.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue fluid distribution of cephalexin in the adult horse following oral and i.v. administration. Cephalexin hydrate (10 mg/kg) was administered to horses i.v. and plasma samples were collected. Following a washout period, cephalexin (30 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically. Plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF) aqueous humor, and urine samples were collected. All samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Following i.v. administration, cephalexin had a plasma half-life (t(1/2)) of 2.02 h and volume of distribution [V(d(ss))] of 0.25 L/kg. Following oral administration, the average maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) was 3.47 mug/mL and an apparent half-life (t(1/2)) of 1.64 h. Bioavailability was approximately 5.0%. The AUC(ISF):AUC(plasma) ratio was 80.55% which corresponded to the percentage protein-unbound drug in the plasma (77.07%). The t(1/2) in the ISF was 2.49 h. Cephalexin was not detected in the aqueous humor. The octanol:water partition coefficient was 0.076 +/- 0.025. Cephalexin was concentrated in the urine with an average concentration of 47.59 microg/mL. No adverse events were noted during this study. This study showed that cephalexin at a dose of 30 mg/kg administered orally at 8 h dosage intervals in horses can produce plasma and interstitial fluid drug concentrations that are in a range recommended to treat susceptible gram-positive bacteria (MIC < or = 0.5 microg/mL). Because of the low oral bioavailability of cephalexin in the horse, the effect of chronic dosing on the normal intestinal bacterial flora requires further investigation.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of meloxicam on severity of lameness and other clinical signs in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA). DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial. ANIMALS: 217 client-owned dogs with clinical and radiographic signs of OA. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly assigned to be treated with meloxicam (n = 105; 0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], SC, once on day 1, then 0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h, for 13 days) or a placebo (n = 112). A general clinical score was assigned by investigators on days 1 (ie, prior to initiation of treatment), 8, and 15 on the basis of severity of lameness, extent of weight bearing, and severity of signs during palpation of the affected joint. Owners and investigators provided overall evaluations on days 8 and 15. RESULTS: Dogs treated with meloxicam had significantly greater improvements in general clinical scores, compared with baseline scores, on days 8 and 15 than did dogs treated with placebo. On days 8 and 15, percentages of dogs treated with meloxicam in which owners and investigators considered treatment to be successful were significantly higher than percentages of control dogs in which treatment was considered to be successful. No abnormalities in hematologic and serum biochemical test results were detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that compared with administration of a placebo, administration of meloxicam for 14 days significantly improved the clinical condition of dogs with OA without causing adverse effects.  相似文献   

18.
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered orally and i.v. to American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) at 5 mg/kg was determined. Plasma levels of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and the resulting concentration versus time curve analyzed using compartmental modeling techniques for the i.v. data and noncompartmental modeling techniques for the oral data. A two-compartment model best represented the i.v. data. Intravenous administration of enrofloxacin resulted in an extrapolated mean plasma concentration of 4.19 +/- 4.23 microg/ml at time zero, with average plasma drug levels remaining above 1.0 microg/ml for an average of 36 hr. Plasma volume of distribution for i.v. enrofloxacin was 1.88 +/- 0.96 L/kg, with a harmonic mean elimination half-life of 21.05 hr and mean total body clearance rate of 0.047 +/- 0.021 L/hr/kg. Plasma levels of p.o. enrofloxacin remained below 1.0 microg/ml in all test animals, and average concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 0.50 microg/ml throughout the sampling period. Oral administration of enrofloxacin achieved a mean maximum plasma concentration of 0.50 +/- 0.27 microg/ml at 55 +/- 29 hr after administration, with a harmonic mean terminal elimination half-life of 77.73 hr. Minimal levels of ciprofloxacin were detected after both oral and i.v. enrofloxacin administration, with concentrations below minimum inhibitory concentrations for most susceptible organisms. On the basis of the results of this study, enrofloxacin administered to American alligators at 5 mg/kg i.v. q 36 hr is expected to maintain plasma concentrations that approximate the minimum inhibitory concentration for susceptible organisms (0.5 microg/ml). Enrofloxacin administered to American alligators at 5 mg/kg p.o. is not expected to achieve minimum inhibitory values for susceptible organisms.  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: Dextrose is commonly administered to postparturient dairy cows, which often have low plasma phosphorus concentration ([P]) as a result of anorexia and sudden onset of lactation. Intravenous (IV) dextrose administration causes hypophosphatemia in other species. HYPOTHESIS: Bolus administration of dextrose to postparturient dairy cows results in a transient decrease in plasma [P]. ANIMALS: Six healthy postparturient dairy cows. METHODS: Using a crossover design, cows were administered 500 mL of 50% dextrose solution IV or a sham treatment. Plasma concentrations of glucose ([glucose]), immunoreactive insulin ([IRI]), and phosphorus were monitored for 12 hours after each treatment. Urine [P], [glucose], and volume and salivary [P] were also determined. RESULTS: Plasma [glucose], [IRI], and [P] were stable during sham treatment. Plasma [P] decreased rapidly after dextrose administration, dropping by 35% in 1 hour and remaining below baseline for 90 minutes. Salivary [P], urine [P], and urine volume per hour remained stable after dextrose administration, but glucose was detected in urine for up to 6 hours. The amount of glucose excreted in urine in 12 hours (11.9+/-4.5 g) was less than 5% of the administered dose. Regression analysis revealed a stronger association between plasma [P] and [IRI] than between plasma [P] and [glucose], suggesting that hyperinsulinemia drove the hypophosphatemia. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Results indicate that low plasma [P] should be expected in cows that have received IV dextrose within 1 hour before blood sampling. Caution is advised when administering dextrose solution to cows already at risk of hypophosphatemia.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory effects of epidural administration of morphine alone and in combination with fentanyl in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 6 dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and allowed to breathe spontaneously. After a stable plane of anesthesia was achieved, morphine (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb]) or a combination of morphine and fentanyl (10 microg/kg [4.5 microg/lb]) was administered through an epidural catheter, the tip of which was positioned at the level of L6 or L7. Cardiorespiratory variables were measured for 90 minutes. RESULTS: Epidural administration of morphine alone did not cause any significant changes in cardiorespiratory measurements. However, epidural administration of morphine and fentanyl induced significant decreases in diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures and total peripheral resistance. Stroke volume was unchanged, PaCO2 was significantly increased, and arterial pH and base excess were significantly decreased. Heart rate was significantly lower after epidural administration of morphine and fentanyl than after administration of morphine alone. None of the dogs had any evidence of urine retention, vomiting, or pruritus after recovery from anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that epidural administration of morphine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg in combination with fentanyl at a dose of 10 microg/kg can cause cardiorespiratory depression in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane.  相似文献   

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