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功能性氯基酸——精氦酸（Arg）具有重要的生理、代谢和营养作用,几乎机体中所有组织均利用Arg合成胞浆蛋白和核蛋白,精氨酸在促进肌肉蛋白质合成、增强机体的免疫力、细胞分裂、伤口复尿和激素分泌等各种生理过程中,也都有着重要的角色。Arg为条件性必需氨基酸,在应激状态下和特殊生长阶段,为必需氨基酸,仔猪体内合成的精氨酸不能满足生理代谢需要。但是精氨酸的吸收与赖氨酸等桔抗,因此,对精氨酸及其内源性合成调控研究具有极大的应用价值和实践意义。精氨酸生素（Arginineactivatoradditive,AAA）是N-乙酰谷氨酸（N-acetylglutamate,NAG）的类似物,作为一种新型的功能性氨基酸,可以有效调控内源性精氨酸合成,进而促进动物生长性能。本文就精氨酸和精氨酸生素特别是其对机体内源性精氨酸合成调控及其在仔猪和母猪中的研究进展与应用作一综述。 相似文献
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由于精氨酸及其代谢产物具有广泛生物学作用,使得近年来研究者们在生理、生化和营养等方面对其作了大量的研究。母乳严重缺乏精氨酸,仔猪精氨酸内源合成对精氨酸的平衡起了重要作用,使得哺乳仔猪精氨酸的内源合成成为精氨酸营养的研究核心。通过对精氨酸内源合成路径和场所的了解,研究者们进一步研究了精氨酸内源合成的影响因素,主要有仔猪日龄、日粮中精氨酸的水平、乳酸盐和皮质醇的浓度等。本文就仔猪精氨酸内源合成的途径和场所、内源合成的量、影响因素以及精氨酸的需要量等进行了综述,重点阐述了精氨酸内源合成的影响因素。 相似文献
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N-甲酰谷氨酸对仔猪内源性精氨酸的合成调控 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
精氨酸(Arg)具有重要的生理、代谢和营养作用,几乎机体中所有组织均利用Arg合成胞浆蛋白和核蛋白,精氨酸在促进肌肉蛋白质合成,增强机体的免疫力,促进细胞分裂、伤口复原和激素分泌等各种生理过程中,也都有着重要的角色。Arg为条件性必需氨基酸,在应激状态下和特殊生长阶段为必需氨基酸,仔猪体内合成的精氨酸不能满足生理代谢需要。但是精氨酸的吸收与赖氨酸等拮抗,因此,对精氨酸及其内源性合成调控研究具有极大的应用价值和实践意义。N-乙酰谷氨酸(N-acetylglutamate,NAG)是内源性精氨酸合成途径中的必需辅助因子和限制因素之一。本文就NAG特别是其类似物N-甲酰谷氨酸(N-carbamoylglutamate,NCG)等对机体内源性精氨酸合成调控作一综述。 相似文献
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精氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、乌氨酸和瓜氨酸可在大多数哺乳动物(包括猪)体内通过复杂的器官间代谢进行相互转化.小肠、肾脏和肝脏是这些氨基酸代谢的主要场所,皮质醇则是这些代谢的一个重要调控激素.由于这些氨基酸(除乌氨酸和瓜氨酸之外)通常大量地存在于植物和动物的组织蛋白中,所以养猪生产者习惯上不大关心猪日粮中精氨酸族氨基酸的添加问题.然而,最近的研究结果表明,这些氨基酸在养分代谢和免疫应答上起着重要的调控作用,从而会影响猪的饲料利用率.精氨酸和谷氨酸就是其中的典型代表,它们具有明确的功能,因此被广泛地应用于猪肉生产中.由瓜氨酸在小肠中合成减少所引起的精氨酸缺乏,是限制哺乳仔猪获得最佳生长性能的主要因素.酶学和代谢学研究结果均表明,对于7～21日龄哺乳仔猪而言,肠上皮细胞线粒体内N-乙酰谷氨酸的生物利用率低下应为通过谷氨酸和脯氨酸合成瓜氨酸受到阻碍负责.因此,无论在日粮中添加精氨酸还是口服N-胺基甲基麸胺酸(N-carbamylglutamate,N-乙酰谷氨酸的一种稳定的代谢类似物)都能提高哺乳仔猪的肌肉蛋白合成率和增重.此外,在早期断奶的仔猪日粮中添加谷氨酸已可防治其小肠萎缩.并且提高了仔猪的生长性能.值得注意的是,在妊娠30～114d的小母猪日粮中添加精氨酸,也会显著地提高产活仔数和窝初生重.大规模地使用饲料级精氨酸和谷氨酰胺为提高全球养猪生产的动物健康和养分利用率展现了广阔的前景. 相似文献
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上期回顾:上期主要介绍了母猪乳汁中精氨酸族氨基酸的含量及其在哺乳母猪乳腺组织中的代谢,和谷酰胺和胱氨酸在仔猪营养中的作用. 4 精氨酸在新生仔猪营养中的作用 4.1 精氨酸合成对维持其在哺乳仔猪体内的自动动态平衡所起的关键作用 相似文献
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精氨酸是目前发现的动物细胞内功能最多的氨基酸,几乎哺乳动物机体中所有组织均利用L-Arg合成细胞浆蛋白和核蛋白,L-Arg在细胞分裂、伤口复原、蛋白质合成和分泌激素等生理过程起着重要的作用。精氨酸作为必需氨基酸,在怀孕母猪和幼龄仔猪及猪在病理状况下,内源合成不能满足其需要。根据传统的营养标准(NRC1998)配制的日粮,精氨酸不能满足猪的需求,额外添加精氨酸可提高猪的生产性能。由于精氨酸与赖氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸的吸收存在拮抗效应及价格昂贵,限制了精氨酸的使用。精氨酸生素可激活从谷氨酰胺和脯氨酸生成精氨酸的生化过程,促进精氨酸的内源生成。日粮添加精氨酸或者精氨酸生素,均有助于提高妊娠母猪的产活仔数及出生窝重、提高哺乳仔猪的增重及减少断奶应激。文中就精氨酸的代谢、调控及精氨酸和精氨酸生素在猪营养中的应用,特别是精氨酸与胚胎发育、新生动物蛋白合成和生长、仔猪肠道健康和疾病感染调控等方面的研究成果作一综述。 相似文献
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精氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸、脯氨酸、天冬氨酸、天冬酰胺、鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸可在大多数哺乳动物（包括猪）体内通过复杂的器官间代谢进行相互转化。小肠、肾脏和肝脏是这些氨基酸代谢的主要场所,皮质醇则是这些代谢的一个重要调控激素。由于这些氨基酸（除鸟氨酸和瓜氨酸之外）通常大量地存在于植物和动物的组织蛋白中,所以养猪生产者习惯上不大关心猪日粮中精氨酸族氨基酸的添加问题。然而,最近的研究结果表明,这些氨基酸在养分代谢和免疫应答上起着重要的调控作用,从而会影响猪的饲料利用率。精氨酸和谷氨酸就是其中的典型代表,它们具有明确的功能,因此被广泛地应用于猪肉生产中。由瓜氨酸在小肠中合成减少所引起的精氨酸缺乏,是限制哺乳仔猪获得最佳生长性能的主要因素。酶学和代谢学研究结果均表明,对于7～21日龄哺乳仔猪而言,肠上皮细胞线粒体内N－乙酰谷氨酸的生物利用率低下应为通过谷氨酸和脯氨酸合成瓜氨酸受到阻碍负责：因此,无论在日粮中添加精氨酸还是口服N－胺基甲基麸胺酸（N—carbamylglutamate,N－乙酰谷氨酸的一种稳定的代谢类似物）都能提高哺乳仔猪的肌肉蛋白合成率和增重。此外,在早期断奶的仔猪日粮中添加谷氨酸已可防治其小肠萎缩,并且提高了仔猪的生长性能。值得注意的是,在妊娠30～114d的小母猪日粮中添加精氨酸,也会显著地提高产活仔数和窝初生重。大规模地使用饲料级精氨酸和谷氨酰胺为提高全球养猪生产的动物健康和养分利用率展现了广阔的前景。 相似文献
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本试验通过研究精氨酸(Arg)对低出生重(LBW)哺乳仔猪机体氧化还原平衡状态和线粒体功能的影响,探讨Arg改善LBW哺乳仔猪生长发育的可能机制。试验选取体况接近、产期一致和胎次相近的初产母猪所产仔猪,4日龄时,选取20头LBW[体重(1.16±0.08)kg]和10头正常出生重(NBW)[体重(2.07±0.10)kg]仔猪,按体重相近、公母比例一致的原则分为NBW组(饲喂基础饲粮)、LBW组(饲喂基础饲粮)和LBW+Arg组(基础饲粮补充1%Arg)3个组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪,人工乳饲养21 d。在第22天,屠宰并收集所有试验猪的血清与肝脏样品,检测生长性能、氧化还原状态与线粒体功能指标。结果表明:1)与NBW仔猪相比,LBW仔猪末重、平均日增重(ADG)和平均日干物质摄入量(ADMI)显著降低(P<0.05),肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和ATP含量显著下降(P<0.05),肝脏环氧化酶(COX)ⅠmRNA表达量显著下调(P<0.05),肝脏视神经萎缩症蛋白1(OPA1)mRNA表达量有下调的趋势(P=0.089);2)饲粮补充Arg显著提高LBW仔猪末重、ADG和ADMI(P<0.05),显著提高血清CAT活性和肝脏CAT、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性(P<0.05),显著提高肝脏ATP含量(P<0.05),显著上调肝脏GPx1和线粒体融合蛋白1(Mfn1)mRNA表达量(P<0.05),并且有上调肝脏CAT(P=0.056)、COXⅣ(P=0.063)和OPA1(P=0.087)mRNA表达量的趋势。以上研究表明,LBW仔猪肝脏抗氧化能力下降,线粒体功能受阻,生长发育受到抑制;而饲粮补充1%Arg显著提高LBW仔猪肝脏抗氧化能力,改善线粒体功能,提高LBW仔猪生长性能。 相似文献
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本文旨在研究哺乳期补饲精氨酸对断奶仔猪肝脏脂代谢功能的影响。试验成对选取7日龄体重相近40头哺乳仔猪,分为对照组(CON组)和精氨酸组(Arg组),每组20头猪(公母各占1/2)。7日龄起,在自然哺乳的同时,CON组仔猪每日灌服生理盐水40 mL,Arg组每日灌服精氨酸40 mL[250 mg/(kg·d]。在21日龄时,仔猪断奶并饲喂基础饲粮。每组在断奶当天(21日龄)和断奶后第3天(24日龄)每次随机挑选8头仔猪(公母各占1/2)屠宰并采取肝脏。结果表明:1)断奶后第3天,仔猪的体重与肝脏重均极显著低于断奶当天(P<0.01);与CON组相比,断奶后第3天,Arg组仔猪肝脏指数极显著提高(P<0.01)。2)与CON组相比,Arg组仔猪肝细胞粒径极显著提高(P<0.01),肝细胞面积显著提高(P<0.05)。3)断奶后第3天,仔猪肝脏中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著高于断奶当天(P<0.01);断奶当天,Arg组仔猪肝脏中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL⁃C)含量显著高于CON组(P<0.05),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL⁃C)含量极显著低于CON组(P<0.01)。4)与CON组相比,断奶当天,Arg组仔猪肝脏中脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)基因相对表达水平显著提高(P<0.05)。由此可得,哺乳期补饲精氨酸能够促进断奶仔猪肝脏发育,提高肝脏中HDL⁃C含量,降低肝脏中LDL⁃C含量,提高肝脏中LPL基因的表达水平,进而提高断奶仔猪肝脏脂代谢的功能。 相似文献
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Jeon JH Kim DJ Han JH Yeon SC Bahng SH Myeong BS Chang HH 《Journal of animal science》2005,83(6):1397-1402
Weanling pigs tend to avoid wind, and suckling piglets are thought to be more sensitive to wind than weanlings, owing to their thinner s.c. fat layer. We developed a crush-reducing device based on the anticipated behavior of suckling piglets toward wind and evaluated the performance of the device through field testing. The crush-reducing device consisted of six photo sensors, a controller, six solenoid valves, and an air compressor. In this study, 206 sows and their suckling piglets (Landrace xYorkshire) were investigated to ascertain the individual effects of several factors. Some of the newborn piglets were cross-fostered before the crush-reducing device was implemented. Litter weights were measured on d 0 and 4 to determine the influence of the crush-reducing device on the weights of suckling piglets. The crushing of suckling piglets by sows was affected by season (P < 0.01) and litter size (P < 0.05), but not by the parity of the sows; however, the number of crushed piglets per litter was less (P < 0.01) in the crush-reducing device group (0.05 +/- 0.02 crushed piglets/litter) than in the control group (0.23 +/- 0.04 crushed piglets/litter), regardless of litter size or season. The BW gain of suckling piglets did not differ between the control and the crush-reducing device groups. Based on these results, the crush-reducing device is expected to decrease the number of crushed piglets per litter without influencing the BW gain of suckling piglets, thereby greatly contributing to the productivity of pig breeders. 相似文献
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Aguinaga MA Gómez-Carballar F Nieto R Aguilera JF 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2011,95(6):771-780
Sixteen pure-bred Iberian (IB) sows were used in two trials to determine the efficiency of utilization of milk protein and amino acid (AA) for growth in suckling piglets. It was hypothesized that there may be one or more strongly limiting essential AA (EAA) responsible for the slow rate of growth of the IB piglet. This AA will show the highest fractional retention. Daily milk yield and composition were determined weekly over a 34-day lactation period. Within each litter, one piglet at birth and four piglets on d 35 of life were slaughtered. The protein content of the IB sow milk was similar to that reported for conventional breeds. However, branched-chain AA, Thr, Pro, Asp and Ala were in concentrations somewhat below the range of literature values and Arg and Met, substantially above it. Milk intake per piglet tended to be greater in Trial 2 (832 vs. 893 g/day respectively; p = 0.066). However, the IB piglets grew at 168 ± 3.3 g/day, irrespective of the trial. The whole-body protein of piglets at weaning and the protein deposited in their body during the lactating period showed very close AA pattern. Among EAA, His and Arg show the highest fractional retentions (g AA retained/g AA ingested) in whole-body tissues (1.019 ± 0.025 and 0.913 ± 0.017 respectively) and also the highest body to milk ratios (1.50 and 1.41 respectively). Gly and Ala presented, among non essential AA, the highest efficiencies of utilization for tissue deposition (1.803 ± 0.057 and 1.375 ± 0.026 respectively) and body to milk ratios (2.75 and 2.12 respectively). These results suggest that the low efficiency of utilization of milk protein and the low rate of gain of the IB suckling piglet can be explained by a marked shortage in His supply, in addition to the suboptimal milk provision of Arg, Gly and Ala. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2016,(2)
Background: The intestinal epithelium is an important barrier that depends on a complex mixture of proteins and these proteins comprise different intercellular junctions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the postnatal and developmental changes in morphology, intercellular junctions and voltage-gated potassium(Kv) channels in the intestine of piglets during the suckling and post-weaning periods.Results: Samples of the small intestine were obtained from 1-, 7-, 14-, and 21-d-old suckling piglets and piglets on d 1, 3, 5, and 7 after weaning at 14 d of age. The results showed that the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)-positive cells and alkaline phosphatase(AKP) activity, as well as the abundances of E-cadherin,occludin, and Kv1.5 m RNA and claudin-1, claudin-3, and occludin protein in the jejunum were increased from d 1to d 21 during the suckling period(P 0.05). Weaning induced decreases in the percentage of PCNA-positive cells,AKP activity and the abundances of E-cadherin, occludin and zonula occludens(ZO)-1 m RNA or protein in the jejunum on d 1, 3 and 5 post-weaning(P 0.05). There were lower abundances of E-cadherin, occludin and ZO-1m RNA as well as claudin-1, claudin-3 and ZO-1 protein in the jejunum of weanling piglets than in 21-d-old suckling piglets(P 0.05). The abundances of E-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1 and integrin m RNA were positively related to the percentage of PCNA-positive cells.Conclusion: Weaning at 14 d of age induced damage to the intestinal morphology and barrier. While there was an adaptive restoration on d 7 post-weaning, the measured values did not return to the pre-weaning levels, which reflected the impairment of intercellular junctions and Kv channels. 相似文献
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早期断奶应激对仔猪某些血清激素水平及细胞免疫功能的影响 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
2窝(每窝8头)21日龄健康仔猪16头，随机分成吮乳组和断奶组，每组8头(每窝各4头)。断奶组仔猪21日龄断奶后转栏，吮乳组仔猪留原栏继续哺乳。在断奶时(21日龄)和断奶后1、3d(22、24日龄)，仰卧前腔静脉采血，进行血清皮质醇、生长激素、胰岛素、T3、T4、FT3、FT4水平及全血PHAT-淋巴细胞转化率和白细胞吞噬率检测。结果表明，与断奶前相比，断奶组仔猪断奶后1、3d血清皮质醇水平极显著升高(P<0.01)；断奶后3d血清T3、FT3、生长激素、胰岛素水平显著降低(P<0.05)；断奶后PHAT-淋巴细胞转化率和白细胞吞噬率显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与21日龄测定值相比，吮乳组仔猪在22、24日龄时的上述血清激素水平及细胞免疫功能无显著变化(P>0.05)。 相似文献
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《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2014,9(3):107-113
Sows in modern pig industry are often housed individually in farrowing crates a few days before farrowing until weaning. These farrowing crates limit movements of the sow and therefore also limit them in expressing their behavior. These limitations may lead to distress with the sow and can result in stereotypical behaviors. Because it is possible that the general behavior of the mother sow also influences her piglets, the hypothesis of the present study was that there is an association between the general behavior of sows and the behavior of their piglets. Our results showed that there was indeed an association between the postures and activities of sows and the behavior of their piglets, not only for nursing–suckling behavior. Results also indicated that piglets prefer resting when sows are resting. When sows were standing up, piglets were running around more. Although there were indications that piglets were more at ease when sows were bar biting compared with when they were sham chewing, a specific relationship between sow stereotypical behavior and piglet behavior could not be demonstrated in the present study. Though, it should be taken in mind that relatively low frequencies of stereotypical behaviors were observed. Furthermore, it could be that not only the prevalence of a specific stereotypical behavior is important but also a specific threshold of that specific behavior should be exceeded to induce effects on the suckling piglets. Alternatively piglets could coinduce stereotypical behavior of the mother sow. 相似文献