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1.
The concentrations of phenobarbitone, albumin, bile acids and cholesterol, and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were measured in the serum of 95 epileptic dogs whose clinical signs were controlled with phenobarbitone. The dogs were divided into groups on the basis of the concentration of phenobarbitone in their serum, the dose administered and the duration of the treatment. The concentration of phenobarbitone in serum was directly related to the activities of ALT, AP, GGT and GLDH and inversely related to the concentration of albumin. There was no significant relationship between the duration of treatment and the serum concentration of phenobarbitone, but there was a significant relationship between the duration of treatment and the activities of ALT, AP and GLDH. Thirty-five of the dogs (37 per cent) had serum activities of AP above the normal range, 19 had abnormally high activities of ALT, and 15 had high activities of GLDH, but these incidences were not related to the serum concentration of phenobarbitone. The dogs receiving higher doses for longer periods had the highest incidence of high activities of AP, ALT and GLDH. The concentration of bile acids in seven of the dogs was above the normal range but there was no relationship between the concentration and either the serum concentration, dose or duration of treatment with phenobarbitone.  相似文献   

2.
Plasma bile acid concentrations were measured in normal horses. There was no diurnal variation in values, and age and sex had no effect. There was no significant difference between serum and plasma bile acid concentrations in clinically normal horses. Plasma bile acids were stable on storage for one month at -20 degrees C. The total plasma bile acid concentrations together with total and direct bilirubin concentrations and plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate and iditol dehydrogenase were evaluated in horses with various types of hepatobiliary disease (hepatic necrosis, lipidosis, neoplasia and cirrhosis), gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular, orthopaedic and various other conditions not affecting the liver. Total plasma bile acids together with plasma glutamate and iditol dehydrogenase activities were the best indicators of liver disease. Total plasma bile acid concentrations were the most sensitive indicator of a wide variety of hepatic diseases but alone were unhelpful in differential diagnosis and were of more value when combined with the other tests of hepatic disease.  相似文献   

3.
The medical approach to treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in 9 horses is described. Seven horses were treated successfully and returned to normal use, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Long-term antimicrobial therapy was believed to be critical in those cases that survived, with a median treatment duration of 51 days (range 17-124 days). Treatment failure was associated with severe periportal and bridging hepatic fibrosis from biopsy material obtained at admission in 2 horses, one of whom also presented with hyperammonaemic hepatic encephalopathy. Transabdominal ultrasound was used diagnostically in each case to obtain hepatic biopsy material for histopathology and bacterial culture, to evaluate hepatic size and echogenicity and to identify and monitor the dissolution of hepatoliths. Histologically, all horses had evidence of suppurative cholangiohepatitis with varying degrees of periportal and bridging fibrosis. Discrete hyperechoic calculi were identified in 4 cases, but all horses had ultrasonographic evidence of biliary obstruction with numerous dilated bile ducts. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of liver biopsy material were negative from 7 horses, but 2 different species of Escherichia coli were obtained from one horse, and Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli were isolated from another. In all 7 horses that survived, clinical recovery was seen before normalisation of biochemical indices of hepatobiliary function including gammaglutamyl transaminopeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), bile acids and serum bilirubin. Serum GGT levels were monitored extensively as a marker of hepatobiliary disease and actually increased during the initial period of clinical improvement in horses that recovered. Supportive medical therapy with i.v. fluids was also a critical part of the therapy of several cases in this report, both acutely and in the management of chronic cases that deteriorated clinically during treatment. Previous therapeutic failures may well be related to treatment periods of inadequate duration, and the authors recommend that antimicrobial therapy should be continued until GGT values are normal.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Reference ranges for serum bile acids (SBA) concentration are well established in healthy adult horses. Increased values are indicative of hepatic disease. HYPOTHESES: SBA concentrations are significantly greater in the neonatal period compared with mature horses, and illness in the neonatal period will further increase SBA. ANIMALS: Ten healthy mature horses, 12 healthy foals, and 31 clinically ill foals. METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study. Blood samples were obtained once from the mature horses, from healthy foals immediately after birth, at 2 days, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks of age; and from ill foals less than 1 month of age at the time of admission to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. SBA concentrations were determined enzymatically and by radioimmunoassay. Total and direct bilirubin and triglyceride concentrations were measured, as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities. RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between age and SBA concentration. Compared with mature horses, SBA concentrations were significantly greater in healthy foals at each collection time over the first 6 weeks of life. Radioimmunoassay values were lower than enzymatic SBA values, with increasing bias as the mean difference between values increased. When comparing age-matched values between healthy and ill foals, there were no significant differences in SBA. None of the ill foals had a primary diagnosis of hepatic disease. There was no significant correlation between the SBA concentration and the bilirubin or triglyceride concentrations or the GGT activity. There was a significant direct correlation between increased SBA and serum SDH activity in healthy foals only. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: SBA concentrations in foals are significantly higher in the early neonatal period, underscoring the importance of using age-matched references when evaluating clinical pathology values during the neonatal period.  相似文献   

5.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Results of noninvasive tests of liver disease do not always correlate with the degree of hepatic disease nor outcome of the case. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of data collected using noninvasive tests during the investigation of cases of suspected liver disease in mature horses. HYPOTHESIS: Much of the data gathered during the investigation of suspected hepatopathy cases offers little prognostic guidance and interpretation of such data can be misleading. METHODS: The results from a range of common and noninvasive diagnostic techniques applied in 116 mature horses with suspected liver disease, were assessed for their ability to predict survival within a 6 month period. RESULTS: A significantly poorer prognosis was found in association with clinical signs suggestive of liver disease, presence of hepatic encephalopathy, ultrasonographic abnormalities, increased serum globulins, increased total bile acids (TBA), increased alkaline phosphatase (AP), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (gammaGT), erythrocytosis, leucocytosis, low serum albumin and low serum urea. Additional significant novel findings of interest included an association between increased plasma fibrinogen and low serum creatinine concentrations with nonsurvival in cases of liver disease, an association between raised serum concentrations of AP and gammaGT with biliary hyperplasia and also an association between hepatic fibrosis, haemosiderosis and biliary hyperplasia with ultrasonographically detected hepatic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: The most useful noninvasive prognostic test in cases of suspected liver disease in mature horses is the severity of clinical signs. Other data may be of some limited prognostic value. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Application of the findings in this study may not be directly applicable to other case populations. However, the findings should at least be considered when prognosis is based on similar criteria.  相似文献   

6.
Effects of induced cholestasis and hepatocellular necrosis and of fasting on serum biochemical constituents including bile acids, IgA, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), arginase, and the clearance of sodium sulfobromophthalein were studied in 4 groups of equids. The reference value for serum bile acids, as determined by an enzymatic colorimetric procedure for horses and ponies was 5.94 +/- 2.72 mumol/L, there being no statistical difference for horses and ponies. Sample collection at time of feeding had no effect on serum bile acid concentration. Seemingly, serum bile acids, arginase, and GGT were the most sensitive indicators of cholestasis and/or hepatocellular necrosis and would form an essential minimum effective battery of tests to diagnose and prognose hepatic disease in equids. These tests provided a measure of hepatobiliary transport function (bile acids), cell necrosis (arginase), and cholestasis (GGT and bile acids).  相似文献   

7.
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8.
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that horses with right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDDLC) have elevations in serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity when compared with horses with left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC). Medical records from 37 horses with RDDLC and 48 horses with LDDLC were reviewed. Horses were included for study if the RDDLC or LDDLC was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy or postmortem examination and if a serum GGT measurement was obtained within 24 hours before surgery. The proportion of horses with GGT activity within or above the reference range was determined. Of 37 horses, 18 (49%; exact binomial 95% confidence interval, 32-66%) with RDDLC and, of 48 horses, 1 (2%; 95% CI, 0-11%) with LDDLC had GGT above the reference range. Horses with RDDLC had higher serum GGT than did horses with LDDLC. Of 37 horses, 36 (97%) with RDDLC were discharged with a good prognosis and none returned as a result of hepatic disease. Evaluation of surgical and postmortem examinations revealed that positioning of the colon in horses with RDDLC results in compression of the bile duct, which can cause extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and a subsequent elevation in serum GGT activity.  相似文献   

9.
To assess changes in 24 blood constituents in frozen serum and heparinized plasma, blood samples were drawn from 10 clinically normal German Shepherd army dogs. The storage characteristics of nine enzymes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, lipase), and 15 metabolites and minerals (albumin, bile acids, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, glucose, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, protein, sodium, triglycerides, urea) were studied. Parallel samples of serum and heparinized plasma were stored for 90 and 240 days at two different storage temperatures, -200 degrees C and -700 degrees C. Sixteen of the 24 analytes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, bile acids, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, magnesium, phosphate, urea) showed statistically significant (p < 0.05) changes during the storage period related to storage time, storage temperature, and sample type. Seven of the analytes (amylase, GGT, GLDH, LDH, bile acids, fructosamine, magnesium) showed changes of possible clinical importance with mean differences from baseline larger than 20% for the enzymes and 10% for the metabolites and minerals during the storage periods.  相似文献   

10.
This report of mycotoxicosis in horses describes the clinical signs, post-mortem findings, histopathological findings and prognosis following the accidental feeding of mycotoxin contaminated fodder to the horses at a farm over a 3-year period. Variable clinical signs viz. weight loss, height retardation in foals, episodes of sudden weakness and staggering gait, ulceration in the oral cavity and at mucocutaneous junctions, yawning, decreased appetite to complete anorexia, rectal prolapse, and failure of blood clotting were observed in many horses at an organised equine farm over a period of 2–3 years. Post-mortem examination of these cases revealed liver cirrhosis and pathological changes in other organs too. On examination of the fodder, it was observed that pearl millet fodder fed to the animals had ergot infestation. On laboratory investigation of the fodder, aflatoxins levels ranged from 24 ppb to 70 ppb in pearl millet fodder. The analysis eventually led to discontinuation of the pearl millet fodder. On follow-up for 2 years, no new cases of hepatic cirrhosis were seen. Most of the horses at the farm including those that had shown high levels of serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) and weight loss, recovered completely. The present episode demonstrates that there is a need for regular monitoring of cereal fodders of horses in subtropical and tropical areas to avoid mycotoxicosis. In the present episode, monitoring serum/plasma GGT levels was found to be a sensitive biochemical indicator to identify liver damage caused by mycotoxins.  相似文献   

11.
Objective – To determine: (1) changes in blood ammonia, bile acid (BA), bilirubin, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations and liver enzyme activities in perioperative colic patients and (2) the association between these laboratory findings and short‐term survival. Design – Prospective observational clinical study. Animals – Thirty‐two adult horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy for colic. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Blood samples were collected preoperatively and at 24–36 and 72–84 hours postoperatively and analyzed for blood ammonia, BA, bilirubin, triglyceride, and glucose concentrations and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Short‐term survival was defined as survival to hospital discharge. Data were analyzed using a Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance. Mildly increased blood ammonia concentrations were present in 2 horses at admission. Postoperative blood ammonia concentrations were within reference intervals in all horses. There were increases in liver enzyme activities as well as in BA, triglyceride, and total bilirubin concentrations. Horses with markedly increased admission BA concentrations and SDH activities did not survive. BA concentrations and SDH activities decreased postoperatively. There was no association between GGT activity and survival; GGT activity remained increased postoperatively. Blood triglyceride concentration was increased in almost all horses postoperatively; horses that did not survive had higher triglyceride concentrations at 24–36 hours postoperatively than horses that survived. Conclusion – Alterations in metabolism and hepatobiliary function are common in colic patients. The results of this study provide further prognostic indices for colic patients and highlight areas for improvement in patient management.  相似文献   

12.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The diagnostic value of several investigative procedures commonly used during the evaluation of suspected equine hepatopathy cases has not been specifically quantified in previous studies. HYPOTHESIS: No noninvasive procedures would clearly discriminate between horses with and without significant liver disease. METHODS: Histopathology of biopsy samples was used as the 'gold standard' technique for definitive diagnosis of the presence or absence of significant liver disease. Clinical, ultrasonographic and clinicopathological data obtained during the investigation of 82 suspected cases of hepatopathy in mature horses were compared with the results of subsequent biopsy in order to quantify the diagnostic value of each test. RESULTS: Of the 82 cases, 61 were confirmed to have significant liver disease and 21 were not. Only serum concentrations of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gammaGT), globulins and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were found to be significantly different between the 2 groups of horses. Clinical and ultrasonographic abnormalities were found, when present, to be good indicators of the presence of liver disease. Certain single serum biochemical tests and combinations thereof were found to have high values for sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV) and/or negative predictive value (NPV), but none showed high values for all 4 parameters leading to important limitations in their practical diagnostic application. Of all serum biochemical tests studied, the PPVs of only gammaGT and globulins could be clearly improved by considering especially high positive results. CONCLUSIONS: The single positive test results of greatest diagnostic value were presence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), increased gammaGT, hyperglobulinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, increased AP, increased total bile acids (TBA) and increased total bilirubin (TBil). Increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and increased glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were also of good diagnostic value, but only when used in combination with the above tests. However, no single, combination or sequential test was able to discriminate fully between horses with and without biopsy-confirmed liver disease and reliance on the use of noninvasive tests for the prediction of the presence or absence of significant liver disease may lead to frequent diagnostic errors. Although certain positive results did reliably predict the presence of liver disease, negative test results were invariably poor predictors of the absence of liver disease. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Application of the findings in this study may not be directly applicable to other case populations. However, the results may help clinicians with their selection and interpretation of appropriate test results in cases of suspected liver disease.  相似文献   

13.
Sheep which grazed on the shoreline of a freshwater lake which had a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa were studied for evidence of chronic poisoning, and a serum biochemical profile was developed to indicate sub-lethal, chronic poisoning in the sheep which had been exposed to microcystins. The profile included measurements of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), γ-glutamyl transferase (γGT), bile acids, bilirubin and albumin. Of 18 sheep which were exposed to M aeruginosa for more than three months, 100 per cent had high serum concentrations of bile acids, 94 per cent had high activities of gldh and γgt, 83 per cent had high bilirubin and 72 per cent had low albumin concentrations compared with the median values of unexposed animals. Other sheep which were exposed for shorter periods, showed evidence of hepatic injury after one week of exposure. The majority of the sheep showed no preference for an alternative, uncontaminated source of water.  相似文献   

14.
Serum bile acid concentrations were measured in 41 clinically healthy cattle of different breeds. There was no diurnal variation in values and age and sex had no effect. There was no significant difference between serum and plasma bile acid concentrations in clinically healthy cattle. Serum bile acids were stable on storage at -20 degrees C. The total serum bile acid concentrations, together with other tests of hepatic disease, were evaluated in cattle with various types of hepatobiliary disease (hepatic lipidosis, hepatic abscessation, leptospirosis, biliary calculi, fascioliasis), respiratory, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and in various other conditions not affecting the liver. Total serum bile acids were the most specific and sensitive indicators of a wide variety of hepatic diseases and were significantly correlated with the degree of clinical illness.  相似文献   

15.
Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthy quarter horses   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), 5'nucleotidase (5'NT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and aspartate transaminase activities were measured in 10 clinically healthy foals, 10 yearlings, and 10 two-year-old Quarter Horses. Enzyme activities in foals at 0.5 to 3 days, 2 to 3 weeks, and 5 to 7 weeks of age were compared with enzyme activities from yearling and 2-year-old horses. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed significantly higher enzyme values in foals (P less than 0.002). This increase was mainly a result of higher ALP and GGT activities, with lesser effects due to higher SDH and 5'NT activities. Standard deviations for ALP and GGT were also larger in foals than in adult horses. The wide variation of ALP and GGT activities may limit their usefulness in the diagnosis of hepatic disease in foals. Standard deviations for serum AST, SDH, and 5'NT activities were smaller. These enzymes may be indicators of hepatobiliary disease in foals. The high serum enzyme activities in healthy foals may reflect a physiologic difference between foals and adult horses. Relative hepatic mass (as a percentage of body weight) and enzyme activity per gram of hepatic tissue are high in young animals, indicating that the high serum enzyme activities in foals are due partly to a high rate of enzyme production and release.  相似文献   

16.
A review is presented of current knowledge with regard to blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds. Straightforward conclusions are difficult, because research on this subject has been limited. Jaundice caused by hyperbilirubinaemia occurs infrequently in birds, because the main bile pigment is biliverdin and not bilirubin. A yellow discolouration of avian plasma is often caused by the presence of carotenoids. The diagnostic value of plasma ALAT concentrations is controversial. Although ASAT and LD are not specific for the liver they appear to be sensitive enzymes to detect liver cell damage. GLDH is liver specific in a number of animal species (including birds) and might prove to be a useful enzyme for diagnostic purposes. AP and GGT seem less useful. Little information is available on the diagnostic value of plasma bile acids and plasma dye clearance tests.  相似文献   

17.
Haematological variables and selected serum indices, particularly those affected by changes in renal and hepatic function, were examined in 6 healthy ponies following 4 intramuscular doses of 4 mg/kg imidocarb dipropionate administered every 72 hours. This treatment regime has been reported to sterilise experimental Babesia equi infections in horses and may have value in preventing the spread of this disease during exportation of possible carrier horses to non-endemic countries. Serum bile acids and serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity were measured to evaluate the effect of this treatment regime on hepatic function. Owing to the absence of any increase in these variables it was concluded that this treatment regime had no clinically detectable deleterious effect on hepatic function in healthy ponies. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase : creatinine ratios (IU/g), serum creatinine and fractional clearance of sodium, potassium and phosphate (%) were calculated as a measure of renal function. Urinary GGT and urinary GGT : creatinine ratios were significantly elevated on Day 5 of the trial, with 2 of the trial animals also exhibiting mild azotaemia indicative of changes in renal function. The changes in urine GGT : urine creatinine ratios observed in this study also provides evidence of the value of this ratio for the early detection of renal toxicity, following exposure to nephrotoxic agents.  相似文献   

18.
AIM: Using specified indices, to determine the nutritional and thermal status of calves between 1 and 4 days of age. METHODS: After birth, calves (n=106) were collected daily, according to farm practice. Over the following 4 days a jugular blood sample and rectal temperature were taken twice daily before feeding. Plasma concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were determined. The significance of differences in plasma composition and rectal temperature between calves whose birth had been assisted or unassisted, and between calves with low and high plasma GGT activities 24 h after birth, was determined using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: There were no marked differences in plasma metabolite levels or body temperature of assisted and unassisted calves. Calves that had high plasma GGT activities 24 h after birth had higher plasma glucose concentrations over the 4 days than calves that had low plasma GGT activities (p<0.001). Overall, compared to published data on poorly-fed and hypothermic calves, calves in this study were normoglycaemic, their plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations were low and their rectal temperatures were normal, indicating that they were well fed and did not become hypothermic. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional and thermal status of at least 90% of the calves was compatible with good health and survival during the first 4 days after birth.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether equine motor neuron disease (EMND) could be induced in adult horses fed a diet low in vitamin E and high in copper and iron. ANIMALS: 59 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses in the experimental group (n = 8) were confined to a dirt lot and fed a concentrate low in vitamin E and high in iron and copper in addition to free-choice grass hay that had been stored for 1 year. Control horses (n = 51) were fed a concentrate containing National Research Council-recommended amounts of copper, iron, and vitamin E. The hay fed to control horses was the same as that fed to experimental horses, but it had not been subjected to prolonged storage. Control horses had seasonal access to pasture, whereas experimental horses had no access to pasture. Horses that developed clinical signs of EMND were euthanatized along with an age-matched control horse to determine differences in hepatic concentrations of vitamin E, vitamin A, copper, iron, and selenium. RESULTS: 4 experimental horses developed clinical signs of EMND. Plasma concentrations of vitamin E decreased in all 8 experimental horses. There were no significant changes in plasma concentrations of vitamin A, selenium, and copper or serum concentrations of ferritin. There were no significant differences in those analytes between experimental horses with EMND and experimental horses that did not develop EMND. No control horses developed EMND. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that lack of access to pasture, dietary deficiency of vitamin E, or excessive dietary copper are likely risk factors for EMND.  相似文献   

20.
Summary

A review is presented of current knowledge with regard to blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds. Straightforward conclusions are difficult, because research on this subject has been limited.

Jaundice caused by hyperbilirubinaemia occurs infrequently in birds, because the main bile pigment is biliverdin and not bilirubin. A yellow discolouration of avian plasma is often caused by the presence of carotenoids. The diagnostic value of plasma ALAT concentrations is controversial. Although ASAT and LD are not specific for the liver they appear to be sensitive enzymes to detect liver cell damage.

GLDH is liver specific in a number of animal species (including birds) and might prove to be a useful enzyme for diagnostic purposes. AP and GGT seem less useful. Little information is available on the diagnostic value of plasma bile acids and plasma dye clearance tests.  相似文献   

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