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反刍动物通过瘤胃微生物的发酵可以利用大量纤维性饲料。近年来随着分子生物学、测序技术和多组学的发展,调控瘤胃微生物是反刍动物营养学研究的热点之一。由于成年反刍动物瘤胃微生态的稳定性,导致调控技术收效甚微。然而,如果在反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立的早期进行人为干预会获得较好的效果。因此,研究反刍动物瘤胃微生物的定植规律对科学调控瘤胃功能具有重要意义。基于此,综述近年来反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立过程的研究进展,旨在为反刍动物瘤胃微生物建立过程与调控的研究提供新的线索。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲粮消化和吸收中起着重要的作用,深入探索瘤胃微生物群落结构、代谢活动和功能作用,对反刍动物健康和促进饲草利用效率具有重要意义。相对传统瘤胃微生物纯培养方法,组学技术能够更加全面对瘤胃微生物种类、代谢途径、功能进行解释,宏组学联用为系统理解瘤胃微生物降解纤维物质分子机理提供新方式,并受到研究人员越来越多的关注。本文总结了宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学与代谢组学在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用,并围绕宏组学技术联合应用进行综述,为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供理论支持。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物的分离、鉴定及定量分析技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲料营养物质消化中起着举足轻重的作用,瘤胃微生物的分离、鉴定及定量分析技术是研究瘤胃微生物生长及动态变化规律的重要手段.本文对瘤胃微生物的分离、鉴定及定量分析技术进行了简要综述,旨在为瘤胃微生物的研究提供参考. 相似文献
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反刍动物瘤胃是消化过程中的重要器官,它可以分解植物的纤维供宿主利用,而牦牛相较于其他反刍动物而言,有更高的纤维利用率。到目前为止,人们利用分子生物技术对瘤胃微生物进行鉴别分析,已经有大量微生物的功能被发现,但绝大部分微生物的功能还未被确定。瘤胃微生物作为巨大的潜在资源,如果可以在牦牛瘤胃内调节甚至在不同家畜瘤胃内移植,将会推动我国畜牧行业的进步。为此,文章介绍了牦牛瘤胃微生物的种类及功能,并对瘤胃微生物的影响因素进行了详细阐述,以期为相关研究提供一定参考。 相似文献
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反刍动物是畜牧业中的重要支柱，研究瘤胃微生物在幼龄反刍动物上的定植过程，并利用其中的定植规律采取科学的早期调控措施，以此提高反刍动物的生产效率，对于维持畜牧业高效、健康、可持续发展具有重要意义。瘤胃微生物的定植过程伴随着幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的发育和饮食结构的巨大变化。在幼龄反刍动物哺乳时，瘤胃由于食管沟反射的存在而不发挥功能，发育缓慢，此时只有部分功能菌群逐渐定植；随着日龄的增长，幼龄反刍动物大量摄入固体饲料，瘤胃在固体饲料的刺激下迅速发育直至成熟，此时大量菌群定植，瘤胃发酵逐渐活跃，且优势菌及其丰度与前期相比发生较大变化。同时，大量瘤胃发酵产物的积累又进一步刺激了瘤胃的发育。反刍动物在幼龄阶段经历了从非反刍到反刍的生理过渡，是其最敏感和可塑性最强的时期，可以在此阶段对反刍动物瘤胃微生物采取人工调控措施，以保证机体的健康和后续生长发育。作者综述了反刍动物瘤胃早期发育过程、瘤胃内微生物的种类、来源及其在幼龄反刍动物瘤胃中的定植过程，阐明瘤胃微生物在反刍动物消化代谢、生产性能以及畜体健康方面的重要功能，并归纳了常用的瘤胃微生物调控技术，从而为生产中对幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理、营养调控提供参考。 相似文献
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反刍动物的瘤胃是一个复杂的厌氧微生态发酵系统,研究其瘤胃微生物区系组成与功能已成为反刍动物营养学的重要内容,分子生物学技术是开展瘤胃微生物研究的重要技术手段。本文就变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术、16S r DNA序列分析、宏基因组技术、DNA芯片技术等在瘤胃细菌多样性研究中的应用情况进行了总结与归纳,为今后开展此方面研究工作提供技术参考。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物组成、日粮与饲料消化率及其关系的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在反刍动物的瘤胃内栖息着复杂、多样、非致病的各种微生物,包括瘤胃细菌、厌氧真菌和瘤胃原虫,还有少数噬菌体.每克瘤胃内容物含有109～1010个细菌和105～106个瘤胃原虫,瘤胃中厌氧真菌的数量较少.经过长期的适应和选择,微生物和宿主之间、微生物与微生物之间处于一种相互依赖、相互制约的动态平衡系统中.反刍动物的种类、日粮都会导致瘤胃微生物的不同,反之不同的瘤胃微生物又会影响瘤胃对饲料的消化率.因此,对瘤胃微生物的研究,希望更多地掌握反刍动物种类、日粮和微生物及饲料消化率相互之间的关系,为合理应用饲料、调控瘤胃微生物从而提高饲料消化率提供科学依据,在很大程度上对生产实践具有一定的经济意义. 相似文献
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瘤胃是反刍动物最主要的消化器官，寄养着细菌、真菌、原虫、古生菌等多种微生物，这些瘤胃微生物菌群在反刍动物消化系统中起着重要作用。瘤胃真菌在瘤胃微生物中占比较小，且绝大多数为厌氧真菌。瘤胃真菌可以充分降解纤维物质，同时真菌还参与蛋白质和淀粉的降解过程，以提高饲料的利用率。瘤胃真菌的数量容易受硫元素、氮元素以及瘤胃内其他微生物的影响，因而从这些方面对饲粮进行调控，能够提高瘤胃内真菌的数量，从而提高反刍动物的消化能力和对饲料的利用。文章结合国内外研究进展，从瘤胃真菌特点、功能、影响因素及应用等多个方面进行综述，以期为反刍动物的健康养殖提供参考。 相似文献
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试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
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Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
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Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
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B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
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Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
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The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
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Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
19.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献