Gingerol content of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)     

Wohlmuth H  Leach DN  Smith MK  Myers SP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(14):5772-5778

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a monocotyledonous, sterile cultigen, is widely used as a spice, flavoring agent, and herbal medicine. The pungency of fresh ginger is due to a series of homologous phenolic ketones of which [6]-gingerol is the major one. The gingerols are thermally unstable and can be converted to their corresponding shogaols, which are present in dried ginger. Fresh rhizomes of 17 clones of Australian ginger, including commercial cultivars and experimental tetraploid clones, were assayed by HPLC for gingerols and shogaols. [6]-Gingerol was identified as the major pungent phenolic compound in all samples, while [8]- and [10]-gingerol occurred in lower concentrations. One cultivar known as "Jamaican" contained the highest concentrations of all three gingerols and was the most pungent of the clones analyzed. Gingerols were stable in ethanolic solution over a 5-month period when stored at 4 degrees C. Shogaols were not identified in the extracts prepared from fresh rhizomes at ambient temperature, confirming that these compounds are not native constituents of fresh ginger. In contrast to previous findings, this study did not find significant differences in gingerol concentrations between the tetraploid clones and their parent diploid cultivar.  相似文献   

Mass spectrometric detection and formation of D-amino acids in processed plant saps, syrups, and fruit juice concentrates     

Pätzold R  Brückner H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(25):9722-9729

Liquid and syrupy dietary saps and juices of plant origin, characterized by the presence of large quantities of saccharides (glucose, fructose, or sucrose) and containing amino acids, were analyzed for the presence of D-amino acids using enantioselective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. D-amino acids were detected in processed saps and juices of trees (maple, palm, birch), fruits (grape, apple, pear, pomegranate, date), and various other plants (agave, beetroot, sugar cane, carob). D-Ala was detected in all plant products and amounted to approximately 34% D-Ala (relative to L-Ala + D-Ala) in Canadian maple syrups, to approximately 13% in palm saps, and to 48 and 13% D-Ala, respectively, in concentrated grape juices (Spanish Arrope and Turkish Pekmez). Varying amounts and kinds of other D-amino acids were also detected. To test the hypothesis that racemization, that is, partial conversion of L-amino acids into their corresponding D-enantiomers, occurs at reversible stages of the Maillard reaction, the Amadori compound fructose-L-phenylalanine was synthesized. On heating at 200 degrees C for 5 (20) min, release of 10.8% (24.2%) D-Phe was detected. From the data it is concluded that the Amadori compounds formed in the course of the Maillard reaction are pecursors of D-amino acids in foodstuffs.  相似文献   

Die Bedeutung der Festigkeitsverteilung in Einzelaggregaten für den Wasser- und Stofftransport im Boden     

Hans H. Becher 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1992,155(5):361-366

Relevance of strength distribution within aggregates to the movement of soil water and soil solution Different transport processes exist not only between the total soil and single aggregates, but also within individual aggregates. To clarify the structure of single aggregates without thin-sectioning, resistance to penetration was repeatedly measured on the same aggregate at a predefined soil water tension. The aggregates were sampled from the G_{o 2} horizon of a Typic Fluvaquent (Φ 15-25mm) and from the B_{g 2} horizon of an Aquic Chromudert (Φ 30-50mm) and equilibrated with water tensions ranging from roughly OhPa to 1000hPa. The strength distributions within individual aggregates were calculated using penetration resistance values of all measurements on one aggregate at a single water tension. These distributions, as exemplified by those at 300hPa and 1000hPa. show that the aggregates are surrounded by a thin, but very strong mineral skin which may be discontinuous, especially for aggregates from the Aquic Chromudert soil. In these aggregates, slickenside-like friction planes were found to penetrate through the skin. The deviation in the skin composition from that of the inner-aggregate described in literature, together with the finding of its strength, suggest that the exchange of water and solutes between the inter-aggregate and intra-aggregate pores is strongly impeded. The weaker parts within the skin, however, must be interpreted as preferred pathways, perhaps resulting in some fingering within aggregates at the prevailing matrix potential. The significance of different pathways within aggregates for the general transport of matter in soils is briefly discussed.  相似文献   

Variation in extraction efficiency between juvenile and adult oribatid mites: Ameronothrus lineatus (Oribatida, Acari) in a Macfadyen high-gradient canister extractor     

Guldborg Søvik  Hans Petter Leinaas 《Pedobiologia》2002,46(1):34-41

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Lignins and ferulate-coniferyl alcohol cross-coupling products in cereal grains     

Bunzel M  Ralph J  Lu F  Hatfield RD  Steinhart H 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(21):6496-6502

Plant cell walls containing suberin or lignin in the human diet are conjectured to protect against colon cancer. To confirm the existence of authentic lignin in cereal grain dietary fibers, the DFRC (derivatization followed by reductive cleavage) method was applied to different cereal grain dietary fibers. By cleavage of diagnostic arylglycerol-beta-aryl (beta-O-4) ether linkages and identification of the liberated monolignols, it was ascertained that lignins are truly present in cereal grains. From the ratios of the liberated monolignols coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, it is suggested that lignin compositions vary among cereals. Furthermore, dimeric cross-coupling products, comprising ferulate and coniferyl alcohol, were identified in most cereal fibers investigated. These ferulate 4-O-beta- and 8-beta-coniferyl alcohol cross-coupled structures indicate radical cross-coupling of polysaccharides to lignin precursors via ferulate.  相似文献   

Metal fluxes to Swedis forest lakes     

Hans Borg  Kjell Johansson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,47(3-4):427-440

Data on atmospheric deposition, transport via run-off water and contents in soil were used to estimate the fluxes of Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Hg to Swedish forest lakes. The calculations refer to a hypothetical lake with a surface area of about 9% of the total catchment area. There are clear differences in the pathways and transport mechanisms for the different elements. The dominating pathway for the input of Zn and Cd to lakes is via run-off from the drainage area. About 60 to 95% of the total load comes from run-off, highest in the acidified areas. The acidification status of the soil is by far the most important factor regulating the mobility of these elements. The amounts of Hg and Pb deposited on the drainage area are mainly accumulating in the surficial soil layers. The transport of these elements is primarily associated with humic substances. About 30 to 50% of the total load of Pb and 25 to 75% of the total load of Hg to lakes originates from run-off. The transport mechanisms for Cu are similar to those of Pb and Hg, but due to the lower anthropogenic airborne load, the direct deposition is of less importance.  相似文献   

Liming and reacidification reactions of a forest lake ecosystem,lake Lysevatten,in SW Sweden     

Ingemar Alenäs  B. Ingvar Andersson  Hans Hultberg  Arno Rosemarin 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1991,59(1-2):55-77

Long-term monitoring, 1973 to 1987, of reactions to liming and reacidification of a forest lake ecosystem near the Swedish west coast is reported in this study. Treatment of Lake Lysevatten with a slag product of limestone in 1974 resulted in neutralization and a positive alkalinity. Prolonged dissolution proceeded for about 7 yr whereby 86% dissolved. During 1984–86 Lake Lysevatten approached maximum reacidification with high Al concentrations and an affected biota. Asellus aquaticus L. decreased and dominance within chironomid groups approached preliming conditions. However, the most obvious biological change was the development of the filamentous algal genus Mougeotia and increased growth of Sphagnum. Populations of both plants increased notably when pH declined to about 5. Our study suggests that extensive reacidification (pH < 6.0) of limed lakes should be avoided by successive treatments to prevent development of destabilized lake ecosystems.  相似文献   

Does nectar reward affect rarity and extinction probabilities of orchid species? An assessment using historical records from Belgium and the Netherlands     

Hans Jacquemyn  Rein Brys  Jo H. Willems 《Biological conservation》2005,121(2):257-263

The long-term persistence of plant populations may partly depend on pollination processes and seed production. The exact role of pollination in determining plant population viability still remains largely unclear. Orchid species have often been shown to be pollinator limited. Especially, non-rewarding species are characterized by infrequent pollinator visits and low seed set. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that, if overall population fitness of orchid species is influenced by seed production, non-rewarding species should be more prone to local extinction than rewarding species. To study the importance of nectar reward on orchid persistence, we collected historical records about the distribution of 32 orchid species in Flanders (Belgium) and 37 orchid species in the Netherlands. For both regions, present distribution patterns were compared with historical data. Between 1930 (Flanders) or 1950 (the Netherlands) and 2000, 26 (81%) species showed decreases in distribution range in Flanders, eight of which had gone extinct, whereas 29 (78%) species showed declines in distribution area in the Netherlands, five of which went extinct. Contrary to previously reported results, orchid distribution patterns were not related to nectar reward. There was also no significant relationship between nectar reward and extinction for both regions. Orchids typically occurring in wet grasslands and heathlands suffered greater losses than orchids typically confined to forest habitats or calcareous grasslands. We conclude that the production of nectar does not represent a safeguard for local extinction of orchid species. Habitat loss and other deterministic threats associated with habitat fragmentation and deterioration are more important determinants of orchid persistence.  相似文献   

Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed cross-linking of feruloylated arabinoxylans with beta-casein   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Boeriu CG  Oudgenoeg G  Spekking WT  Berendsen LB  Vancon L  Boumans H  Gruppen H  van Berkel WJ  Laane C  Voragen AG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(21):6633-6639

Heterologous conjugates of wheat arabinoxylan and beta-casein were prepared via enzymatic cross-linking, using sequential addition of the arabinoxylan to a mixture of beta-casein, peroxidase, and hydrogen peroxide. The maximal formation of adducts between the beta-casein and the feruloylated arabinoxylan was reached at a protein-to-arabinoxylan ratio of 10:1, in combination with a molar ratio hydrogen peroxide to substrate of 2:1 and a molar protein-to-enzyme ratio between 10(2) and 10(4). The protein-arabinoxylan adducts were separated from the arabinoxylan homopolymers by size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography. The molar ratio protein:arabinoxylan in the purified conjugates varied between 0.1 and 5.6. This is the first report on the large-scale enzymatic preparation of heterologous protein-arabinoxylan conjugates.  相似文献   

Detecting interaction(s) and assessing the impact of component subsets in a chemical mixture using fixed-ratio mixture ray designs     

Michelle Casey  Chris Gennings  W. Hans Carter  Virginia C. Moser  Jane Ellen Simmons 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2004,9(3):339-361

An important environmental and regulatory issue is the protection of human health from potential adverse effects of cumulative exposure to multiple chemicals. Earlier literature suggested restricting inference to specific fixed-ratio rays of interest. Based on appropriate definitions of additivity, single chemical data are used to predict the relationship among the chemicals under the zero-interaction case. Parametric comparisons between the additivity model and the model fit along the fixed-ratio ray(s) are used to detect departure from additivity. Collection of data along reduced fixed-ratio rays, where subsets of chemicals of interest are removed from the mixture and the remaining compounds are at the same relative ratios as considered in the full ray, allow researchers to make inference about the effect of the removed chemicals. Methods for fitting simultaneous confidence bands about the difference between the best fitting model and the model predicted under additivity are developed to identify regions along the rays where significant interactions occur. This general approach is termed the “single chemicals required” (SCR) method of analysis. A second approach, termed “single chemicals not required” (SCNR) method of analysis, is based on underlying assumptions about the parameterization of the response surface. Under general assumptions, polynomial terms for models fit along fixed-ratio rays are associated with interaction terms. Consideration is given to the case where only data along the mixture rays are available. Tests of hypotheses, which consider interactions due to subsets of chemicals, are also developed.  相似文献