The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in Mitigating Salt Stress of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)     

Manoj Parihar  Amitava Rakshit  Kiran Rana  Gopal Tiwari  Surendra Singh Jatav 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2020,51(11):1545-1559

ABSTRACT

Salinity is one of the major threats to an agriculture production system and limits crop growth and productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic association with majority of land plants and play important role in stress tolerance. In the present study, effect of three mycorrhizal treatments, i.e., single-species AMF (Rhizoglomus intraradices), formulated AMF (Funneliformis mosseae and R. intraradices), and multispecies AMF (Rhizoglomus fasciculatum and Gigaspora sp.) along with control (nonmycorrhizal) on growth, yield performance, and metabolic changes in pea crop under salinity stress was examined in completely randomized design with four replications. The results revealed that AMF inoculation mitigated negative effects of salinity in pea due to higher nutrient uptake, accumulation of compatible osmolytes, and lower cellular leakage of electrolyte which in turn enhanced biomass production, chlorophyll synthesis, yield, and growth attributes. Overall, consortium-based application of R. fasciculatum and Gigaspora sp. was found most suitable approach to ameliorate the salt stress in pea crop and enhanced the yield by ~11%, 24%, and 54% than single-species, multispecies, and control treatments, respectively. The variation in results under different mycorrhizal treatment might be due to specific compatibility relationships that exist between symbionts.  相似文献   

Clinical and clinicopathologic features of dogs that consumed foodborne hepatotoxic aflatoxins: 72 cases (2005-2006)     

Dereszynski DM  Center SA  Randolph JF  Brooks MB  Hadden AG  Palyada KS  McDonough SP  Messick J  Stokol T  Bischoff KL  Gluckman S  Sanders SY 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,232(9):1329-1337

OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical signs, clinicopathologic features, treatments, and survival in dogs with naturally acquired foodborne aflatoxicosis. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 72 dogs that consumed aflatoxin-contaminated commercial dog food. PROCEDURES: Medical records of affected dogs were reviewed. Between December 2005 and March 2006, dogs were identified as having foodborne aflatoxin hepatotoxicosis on the basis of the history of consumption of contaminated food or characteristic histopathologic lesions (subject dog or a recently deceased dog in the same household or kennel). Recorded information included signalment, clinical features, clinicopathologic test results, treatments, and survival. Data were analyzed by survival status. RESULTS: Most dogs were of large breeds from breeding kennels. No significant differences were found in age or weight between 26 (36%) survivor dogs and 46 (64%) nonsurvivor dogs. Severity of clinical signs varied widely; 7 dogs died abruptly. In order of onset, clinical features included anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea (melena, hematochezia), abdominal effusion, peripheral edema, and terminal encephalopathy and hemorrhagic diathesis. Common clinicopathologic features included coagulopathic and electrolyte disturbances, hypoproteinemia, increased serum liver enzyme activities, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypocholesterolemia. Cytologic hepatocellular lipid vacuolation was confirmed in 11 dogs examined. In comparisons of clinicopathologic test results between survivor and nonsurvivor dogs, only granular cylindruria (7/21 dogs) consistently predicted death. Best early markers of aflatoxicosis were low plasma activities of anticoagulant proteins (protein C, antithrombin) and hypocholesterolemia. Despite aggressive treatment, many but not all severely affected dogs died. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum liver enzyme activities and bilirubin concentration were unreliable early markers of aflatoxin hepatotoxicosis in dogs. Hypocholesterolemia and decreased plasma protein C and antithrombin activities may function as exposure biomarkers.  相似文献   

Does Nepal’s community forestry program improve the rural household economy? A cost–benefit analysis of community forestry user groups in Kaski and Syangja districts of Nepal     

Rajan Parajuli  Dhananjaya Lamichhane  Omkar Joshi 《Journal of Forest Research》2015,20(6):475-483

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Toxicity to the snail Limnaea acuminata of plant‐derived molluscicides in combination with synergists     

Kiran Singh  D K Singh 《Pest management science》2000,56(10):889-898

The effects of combinations of plant‐derived molluscicides with piperonyl butoxide (PB) or ENT 8184 (MGK‐264) were studied on different enzyme activities and biogenic amine levels in the nervous tissue of Limnaea acuminata. 24‐h in vivo exposure of the nervous tissue of L acuminata to 40% and 80% of the 24‐h LC₅₀ of the plant‐derived molluscicides Azadirachta indica oil, Allium sativum powder and oleoresin of Zingiber officinale rhizome and their active molluscicidal components azadirachtin, allicin and [6]‐gingerol, alone or in combination (1 + 5) with PB or ENT 8184, caused a significant reduction in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, lactic dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and sodium‐potassium ATPase. There was a significant increase in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase. In vivo exposure for 24 h to sub‐lethal concentrations of azadirachtin, allicin and [6]‐gingerol, singly and with PB or ENT 8184, significantly altered the dopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine levels in the nervous tissue of L acuminata. It is concluded that these active moieties singly or with PB or ENT 8184 adversely affect all known neurotransmission mechanisms in the snail, either separately or through a complex interaction between the different neurotransmitters. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Management of silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) with fungicide seed treatments and storage practices     

Mary J. Frazier  Kiran K. Shetty  Gale E. Kleinkopf  Phillip Nolte 《American Journal of Potato Research》1998,75(3):129-135

Thiabendazole insensitive strains ofHelminthosporium solani, the causal agent of silver scurf, make controlling the disease with seed treatment difficult. Potato tuber seed treatments and environmental storage management practices were investigated as means to minimize silver scurf. Fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for control ofH. solani; disease was evaluated during the growing season, at harvest, and after 5 months of storage. Silver scurf was observed on progeny tubers eleven weeks after planting. Fungicides that reduced silver scurf incidence and severity on the seed resulted in reduced incidence and severity of the disease in the progeny tubers at harvest and significantly lower disease ratings after storage. Only small increases in disease incidence (0-8%) were seen after storage. Thiophanate-methyl with mancozeb, Captan with mancozeb, and fludioxonil were among the most effective in reducing the incidence and severity of silver scurf on seed and in progeny tubers (Incidence on progeny tubers at harvest for these three treatments were 3%, 9%, and 8% respectively). Thiophanatemethyl alone was not effective for control of silver scurf (48% incidence compared to 43% incidence for the untreated control). Environmental conditions in storage affected disease development. Reduced humidity (85%) during the curing period (0–3 weeks after harvest) significantly reduced (11%) the surface area of tubers infected with silver scurf. Free moisture on the tuber surfaces during storage significantly increased (15%) tuber surface area infection.H. solani was shown to survive in soil and on some potato storage building materials for up to 9 months. The silver scurf disease of potatoes can be suppressed using effective seed treatment and storage management.  相似文献   

Growth and production of endangered Indian butter catfish,Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) at different stocking densities in earthen ponds          下载免费PDF全文

Chandan Debnath  Kiran Dube  Neelam Saharan  Virendra Kumar Tiwari  Mrinmoy Datta  Lopamudra Sahoo  Gulab Singh Yadav  Pronob Das 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(10):3265-3275

Growth, survival and production of endangered Indian butter catfish (Ompok bimaculatus) fingerlings were examined at different stocking densities. The experiment was conducted for 8 months in nine earthen ponds having an area of 0.03 ha each. 30‐day‐old fingerling, stocked at 40 000 ha^?1 was designated as treatment‐1 (T1), 50 000 ha^?1 as treatment‐2 (T2) and 60 000 ha^?1 as treatment‐3 (T3). At stocking, all fingerlings were of same age group with a mean length and weight of 3.36 ± 0.08 cm and weight of 0.83 ± 0.02 g respectively. Fish in all the treatments were fed with a mixture of rice bran (50%), mustard oil cake (30%), fish meal (19%) and vitamin‐mineral premix (1%). Physicochemical parameters, plankton populations and soil parameters were at the optimum level for fish culture. Highest weight gain was observed in T1 and lowest in T3. Final length, weight and survival of fish also followed the same trend as weight gain. Highest specific growth rate was observed in T1 followed by T2 and T3. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in T1 followed by T2 and T3 in that order. Significantly higher amount of fish was produced in T1 than T2 and T3 respectively. Higher net benefit was obtained from T1 than from T2 and T3. Overall, the highest growth, survival and benefit of fish were obtained at a density of 40 000 fingerlings ha^?1. Hence, of the three stocking densities, 40 000 fingerlings ha^?1 appears to be the most suitable stocking density for culturing of Indian butter catfish in grow‐out system.  相似文献   

Improving fertilizer recommendations for Nepalese farmers with the help of soil-testing mobile van     

Sunil Pandey  Netra Prasad Bhatta  Prakash Paudel  Rajan Pariyar  Kiran Hari Maskey  Janardan Khadka 《Journal of Crop Improvement》2018,32(1):19-32

Smallholder farmers dominate agriculture in Nepal. These farmers have poor knowledge about agriculture and lack of support for soil management and integrated plant-nutrient systems. Focusing on the importance and need for soil-fertility management, a soil-testing mobile van program has recently been introduced in Nepal by Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan. With the introduction of the mobile lab, famers can get their soil tested for nutrient deficiencies and fertilizer requirements at their doorsteps. Using mobile lab, spatial distributions of chemical properties, including pH, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (as P₂O₅), and available potassium (as K₂O) were examined in soil samples taken from the 0 to 15 cm depth from selected agricultural fields in eight different districts in the mid-hills and Terai regions of Nepal. Tests conducted on 1,479 soil samples in the soil-testing mobile van revealed the following: the mean soil OM ranged from 0.01 to 1.77%; total N content ranged from 0.01 to 0.08%; mean available P₂O₅ ranged from 16.47 to 197.82 kg ha^?1; and mean available K₂O ranged from 84.3 to 422.57 kg ha^?1. For each crop to be grown, farmers were provided with individual soil health reports and fertilizer recommendations (rate, amount, and type). This program not only allows scientists and farmers to work closely and share information but also serves as a model for the nation to successfully transfer technology for improving soil health and sustainability.  相似文献   

Advocating a need for suitable breeding approaches to boost integrated pest management: a European perspective          下载免费PDF全文

Jay Ram Lamichhane  Edward Arseniuk  Piet Boonekamp  Jerzy Czembor  Veronique Decroocq  Jérome Enjalbert  Maria R Finckh  Małgorzata Korbin  Mati Koppel  Per Kudsk  Akos Mesterhazy  Danuta Sosnowska  Ewa Zimnoch‐Guzowska  Antoine Messéan 《Pest management science》2018,74(6):1219-1227

Currently, European farmers do not have access to sufficient numbers and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing cropping systems more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: (1) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity in cropping systems, and (2) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here ‘breeding for integrated pest management (IPM)’, may boost IPM through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests, with the goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this article presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey and experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled ‘Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems’. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Plant growth-promoting Bacillus suppress Brevicoryne brassicae field infestation and trigger density-dependent and density-independent natural enemy responses     

Kiran R. Gadhave  Paul Finch  Trevor M. Gibson  Alan C. Gange 《Journal of pest science》2016,89(4):985-992

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Monitoring the occurrence of tomato bacterial spot and range of the causal agent Xanthomonas perforans in Iran          下载免费PDF全文

E. Osdaghi  S. M. Taghavi  H. Hamzehzarghani  A. Fazliarab  J. R. Lamichhane 《Plant pathology》2017,66(6):990-1002

A 2‐year comprehensive field survey was conducted across major tomato‐growing areas of Iran. Two hundred and thirty‐four tomato fields and six tomato‐producing greenhouses were surveyed for the potential presence of bacterial spot disease. Five hundred and ninety‐six tomato samples with and without symptoms were analysed. While Xanthomonas spp. were found in association with tomato plants both with and without symptoms from five surveyed counties, the bacterial spot disease was observed only in plants from three of them. Only strains isolated from plants with symptoms induced disease symptoms on tomato, while those isolated from symptomless plants caused symptoms only on cabbage and common bean. None of the isolates caused disease symptoms on pepper and eggplant. Phylogenetic analysis showed that X. perforans is the causal agent of tomato bacterial spot in Iran, although X. campestris and X. axonopodis were also associated with symptomless tomato plants. All X. perforans isolates in this study were sensitive to streptomycin, copper sulphate and copper oxychloride at concentrations of 50 mg L^?1, 200 mg L^?1 and 0.8 g L^?1, respectively. Unlike the type strain of X. perforans, isolates in this study did not produce bacteriocin against other Xanthomonas spp., nor were they detected using the usual species‐specific primer pair Bs‐XpF/Bs‐XpR. This suggests an atypical nature of X. perforans strains in Iran, which leads to the hypothesis that X. perforans strains in Iran may have a separate origin to those causing disease epidemics elsewhere. The aggregated dispersal pattern of the diseased tomato fields signifies the seedborne introduction of the pathogen into the country.  相似文献