Effects of non-repellent termiticides on the tunneling and walking ability of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)     

Quarcoo FY  Hu XP  Appel AG 《Pest management science》2012,68(10):1352-1359

BACKGROUND: Non-repellent insecticides, including fipronil and indoxacarb, are becoming increasingly important for soil treatments to manage the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). The effects of these insecticides on termite walking and tunneling behavior could significantly reduce their efficacy against colonies. RESULTS: Groups of R. flavipes were exposed to several concentrations of commercial formulations of fipronil and indoxacarb, and the ability of treated termites to tunnel in soil and walk was assessed. Increasing insecticide concentration resulted in a reduction in the ability of R. flavipes to walk, tunnel and form tunnel branches; the importance of these effects on the use of non-repellent insecticides is discussed. CONCLUSION: Exposure of R. flavipes to 1, 10 or 50 mg L⁻¹ of fipronil or 50, 100 or 200 mg L⁻¹ of indoxacarb significantly reduced termite walking and tunneling and the number of tunnel branches. Distance walked (ca 73 mm) by untreated control termites did not change over time for at least 16 h after treatment; control termites formed ca 150 cm of tunnels with ca 40 branches. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Dosage rate, temperature, and food source provisioning affect susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum to chlorfenapyr     

Frank H. Arthur 《Journal of pest science》2013,86(3):507-513

A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate residual efficacy of the insecticidal pyrrolle chlorfenapyr (Phantom^®) on treated concrete for control of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), assess development of progeny from exposed parental adults, and to determine if starvation before exposure with or without a flour food source increased susceptibility of adult T. castaneum and adult Tribolium confusum Jacqueline du Val to chlorfenapyr. No adults survived exposure on concrete treated with chlorfenapyr at the maximum label rate of 1.1 g active ingredient (AI)/m², and no progeny were produced in bioassays conducted at 0–8 weeks posttreatment. In the second test, application rates were reduced, and bioassays were conducted at 27 and 32 °C. Adult survival and progeny production decreased as the application rate increased from 28 to 225 mg AI/m², and survival and progeny production were generally lower at 32 °C than at 27 °C, but at higher rates survival was <1 %, and no progeny were produced. In the final test, adult T. castaneum and adult T. confusum were starved for 1–7 days and then exposed either with or without flour on concrete treated with 3.9 and 27.5 mg AI chlorfenapyr/m². Mortality generally increased with starvation time, the presence of a food source led to decreased mortality at both application rates, and T. confusum was the more susceptible of the two species. Results show that chlorfenapyr could effectively control both species, but precise dosage levels need to be determined. Also, the presence of a food source greatly compromises adult control.  相似文献   

Two Novel Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cycle Inhibitory Cyclodepsipeptides from a Hydrothermal Vent Crab-Associated Fungus Aspergillus clavatus C2WU     

Wei Jiang  Panpan Ye  Chen-Tung Arthur Chen  Kuiwu Wang  Pengyuan Liu  Shan He  Xiaodan Wu  Lishe Gan  Ying Ye  Bin Wu 《Marine drugs》2013,11(12):4761-4772

Two novel cyclodepsipeptides containing an unusual anthranilic acid dimer and a d-phenyllactic acid residues, clavatustides A (1) and B (2), were identified from cultured mycelia and broth of Aspergillus clavatus C2WU isolated from Xenograpsus testudinatus, which lives at extreme, toxic habitat around the sulphur-rich hydrothermal vents in Taiwan Kueishantao. This is the first example of cyclopeptides containing an anthranilic acid dimer in natural products, and the first report of microbial secondary metabolites from the hydrothermal vent crab. Clavatustides A (1) and B (2) suppressed the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721 and Bel-7402) in a dose-dependent manner, and induced an accumulation of HepG2 cells in G1 phase and reduction of cells in S phase.  相似文献   

Leptospirosis in a lamb     

J.J. Vermunt  D.M. West  D.G. Arthur  R.B. Marshall 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(4)

Abstract

Extract

Recently, we reported on outbreaks of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in newly weaned lambs(1) Vermunt, JJ, West, DM, Cooke, MM, Alley, MR and Collins-Emerson, J. 1994. Observations on three outbreaks of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in lambs. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 42: 133–6. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. It was suggested that wet environmental conditions played an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease in that class of sheep. This communication presents observations on another case of ovine leptospirosis, one that occurred under different circumstances, i.e. different season, age and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

Development of an arterial thrombosis model in pigs for investigating the thrombogenicity of different dietary fats     

D.G. Arthur  K.G. Thompson  K.A.C. James  A.J. Maccoll 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(1)

A surgically induced model of arterial thrombosis in pigs (60–80 kg live weight) has been developed using a balloon angioplasty technique. The purpose of this model is to assess the thrombogenicity of milkfat in comparison with other dietary lipids, thereby assessing its importance in the pathogenesis of human coronary heart disease. Balloon angioplasty catheters (Meditech, 3 cm X 8 mm balloon) are inserted into the left and right femoral arteries via a cut-down on to the saphenous artery. The balloons are inflated five times for 30 seconds with 30 second intervals between inflations. This results in endothelial denudation, exposure of sub-endothelial connective tissue and formation of platelet rich thrombi. Thrombus size is quantitated using autologous blood platelets labelled with ⁹⁹Tc-HMPA0 (technetium - “Deretec”).  相似文献   

Thrombogenicity of dietary milkfat,fish oil and hydrogenated coconut oil in a pig model     

K.G. Thompson  K.A.C. James  A.J. Maccoll  D.G. Arthur 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(3)

Extract

Several indicators of thrombosis and thrombolysis were measured in four groups of 16 pigs fed for 10 weeks on either a low fat basal ration or rations containing 10% anhydrous milkfat (AMF), 10% fish oil (MaxEPA), or 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At the end of the feeding period, pigs on the three test fat/oil rations were subjected to balloon angioplasty of both femoral arteries. Thrombus size at the site of injury was measured both morphometrically and using autologous blood platelets labelled with ⁹⁹Tc-HMPAO (technetium - “Deretec”).  相似文献   

Soil organic carbon storage and quality are impacted by corn cob biochar application on a tropical sandy loam     

Amoakwah  Emmanuel  Arthur  Emmanuel  Frimpong  Kwame A.  Parikh  Sanjai J.  Islam  Rafiq 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(4):1960-1969

Purpose

Humic substances, which are integral components of total organic carbon (TOC), influence soil quality. The study aimed to investigate whether humic and non-humic fractions exhibit early, consistent, and measurable changes and affect TOC sensitivity and storage in a tropical sandy loam soils amended with corn cob biochar.

Materials and methods

There were four treatments with four replicates established in a randomized complete block design. Composite soil samples were taken from plots without biochar (CT), from plots incorporated with 15 t biochar ha^?1 (BC-15), and 30 t biochar ha^?1 without or with phosphate fertilizer (BC-30 and BC-30+P). The TOC, and humin, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (HA) fractions of soil organic carbon were determined for each treatment. The optical densities (400–700 nm) were measured on the soil-free extracts by spectrophotometry; the densities measured at 465 and 665 nm were used to calculate the E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ ratios.

Results and discussion

The BC-30 and BC-30+P plots recorded the highest TOC, humin, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA) contents with respect to the lowest in the CT. The total exchangeable carbon stratification was significantly higher in all the biochar-treated plots relative to the CT. Spectral analysis showed higher values of E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ (5.02 and 5.15) in the CT and BC-15-treated soils, respectively, compared with the BC-30 and BC-30+P-amended soils with E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ ratios of 2.76 and 2.98, respectively.

Conclusions

Corn cob biochar applied to a tropical sandy loam:

? increased the concentrations of HA and FA and led to increased stratification of TOC, with a stronger effect on HA compared with FA;

? significantly lowered E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ at the high biochar application rate of 30 t ha^?1, implying the dominance of high molecular weight humic acid-like substances, and increased degree of aromaticity of the TOC.

  相似文献   

Breaching the black box: The role of ramps in Thai sustainable palm oil certification     

Elena Degli Innocenti  Peter Oosterveer  Arthur Mol 《Asia Pacific viewpoint》2020,61(1):85-101

Certification of sustainable palm oil as organised through the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil is based on a simplified understanding of the global palm oil value chain – according to which instructions about production practices can be directly translated from the palm oil mill to the primary producer. The reality of palm oil provision is much more complex than this as is shown in the case of Thailand. On the basis of qualitative field study in Southern Thailand this paper clarifies that intermediary stages, such as the collection of oil palm fruit bunches at the ramp, play a key role in the organisation of the chain. The fluidity and complexity of the palm oil flow at the local level complicates the promotion of sustainability through certification. Global and national stakeholders, such as processing and trading firms, non‐governmental organisations and national governments, should therefore open this black box of local dynamics to more effectively contribute to sustainability in palm oil supply.  相似文献   

Biosecurity and risk management for dairy replacements.     

Fiona Maunsell  G Arthur Donovan 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2008,24(1):155-190

Biosecurity, biocontainment, and disease risk management on dairy replacement operations are time- and labor-intensive, planned programs. Oftentimes the value of these programs is realized only after disease is introduced to a facility or a disease outbreak occurs. There is no "one-plan-fits-all;" each plan must be tailored to meet the needs of management's goals and expectations and problems specific to a production enterprise or geographic region. A standard framework applicable to biosecurity programs includes: (1) hazard identification, (2) exposure assessment, (3) risk characterization, and (4) risk management. The discussion presented here helps lay the framework for development and implementation of biosecurity and risk-management programs within dairy replacement facilities.  相似文献   

Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma mRNA expression in canine anal furunculosis lesions and the effect of ciclosporin therapy     

Tivers MS  Catchpole B  Gregory SP  House AK 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2008,125(1-2):31-36

German Shepherd Dogs have an increased incidence of anal furunculosis (AF), which is a disease characterised by inflammation and ulceration of the perianal tissues. Ciclosporin, an immunosuppressive drug, has been successfully used to treat AF, suggesting that the pathogenesis of disease is likely to have an immune-mediated component. Previous research has shown that the cytokine mRNA profile in AF lesions is consistent with T cell-mediated inflammation. The aims of the current study were to quantify IL-2 and IFNgamma mRNA expression in AF biopsies taken before and after treatment with ciclosporin and to compare cytokine expression with lesion severity. Twenty-two dogs with AF were recruited into the study and lesional biopsies were taken prior to ciclosporin therapy. Lesion severity was graded using a visual analogue scale. All dogs were evaluated after 4 weeks of ciclosporin therapy and, in 10 dogs with persistent disease, residual lesions were resected. RNA was extracted from AF-lesional tissue and control perianal tissue samples (n=10), which was used as the template for RT-PCR. Analysis of IL-2 and IFNgamma mRNA expression was performed using real-time PCR. IL-2 and IFNgamma mRNA was consistently detected in pre-treatment AF biopsies and, when quantified, this was significantly increased compared to control tissue (P<0.05). However, no correlation was seen between lesion severity and pre-treatment cytokine mRNA expression. In the ten paired pre- and post-treatment samples, IL-2 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in residual disease tissue following ciclosporin therapy (P=0.013). Treatment with ciclosporin seemed to result in decreased expression of IFNgamma mRNA in AF lesions but this was not statistically significant. In six of the 10 dogs with persistent disease, T cell cytokine mRNA could still be detected in the tissues, suggesting that there was inadequate immunosuppression. The absence of a correlation between T cell cytokine expression and the severity of disease suggests that tissue destruction observed in AF might be a consequence of other inflammatory mediators or downstream effects of T cell activation.  相似文献