Treatment of demodicosis in dogs: 2011 clinical practice guidelines     

Mueller RS  Bensignor E  Ferrer L  Holm B  Lemarie S  Paradis M  Shipstone MA 《Veterinary dermatology》2012,23(2):86-96, e20-1

Background and Objectives – These guidelines were written by an international group of specialists with the aim to provide veterinarians with current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of canine demodicosis. Methods – Published studies of the various treatment options were reviewed and summarized. Where evidence in form of published studies was not available, expert consensus formed the base of the recommendations. Results – Demodicosis can usually be diagnosed by deep skin scrapings or trichograms; in rare cases a skin biopsy may be needed for diagnosis. Immune suppression due to endoparasitism or malnutrition in young dogs and endocrine diseases, neoplasia and chemotherapy in older dogs are considered predisposing factors and should be diagnosed and treated to optimize the therapeutic outcome. Dogs with disease severity requiring parasiticidal therapy should not be bred. Secondary bacterial skin infections frequently complicate the disease and require topical and/or systemic antimicrobial therapy. There is good evidence for the efficacy of weekly amitraz rinses and daily oral macrocyclic lactones such as milbemycin oxime, ivermectin and moxidectin for the treatment of canine demodicosis. Weekly application of topical moxidectin can be useful in dogs with milder forms of the disease. There is some evidence for the efficacy of weekly or twice weekly subcutaneous or oral doramectin. Systemic macrocyclic lactones may cause neurological adverse effects in sensitive dogs, thus a gradual increase to the final therapeutic dose may be prudent (particularly in herding breeds). Treatment should be monitored with monthly skin scrapings and extended beyond clinical and microscopic cure to minimize recurrences. Editor’s Note – A brief review article by R. Mueller has been published: Evidence‐based treatment of canine demodicosis, Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2011; 39: 419–24. This is not considered to constitute duplication of the article published here in Veterinary Dermatology.  相似文献   

Spasmolytic Effect of Caulerpine Involves Blockade of Ca2+ Influx on Guinea Pig Ileum     

Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva  Ana Carolina de Carvalho Correia  José Maria Barbosa-Filho  Bagnólia Araújo da Silva  Bárbara Viviana de Oliveira Santos  Daysianne Pereira de Lira  Jéssica Celestino Ferreira Sousa  George Emmanuel C. de Miranda  Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante  Magna Suzana Alexandre-Moreira 《Marine drugs》2013,11(5):1553-1564

In this work, we investigated the spasmolytic effect of caulerpine, a bisindole alkaloid isolated from marine algae of the Caulerpa genus, on guinea pig ileum. Our findings indicated that caulerpine inhibited phasic contractions induced by carbachol (IC₅₀ = 7.0 ± 1.9 × 10⁻⁵ M), histamine (IC₅₀ = 1.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁴ M) and serotonin (IC₅₀ = 8.0 ± 1.4 × 10⁻⁵ M) in a non-selective manner. Furthermore, caulerpine concentration-dependently inhibited serotonin-induced cumulative contractions (pD′₂ = 4.48 ± 0.08), shifting the curves to the right with E_max reduction and slope of 2.44 ± 0.21, suggesting a noncompetitive antagonism pseudo-irreversible. The alkaloid also relaxed the ileum pre-contracted by KCl (EC₅₀ = 9.0 ± 0.9 × 10⁻⁵ M) and carbachol (EC₅₀ = 4.6 ± 0.7 × 10⁻⁵ M) in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was probably due to inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca_V), since caulerpine slightly inhibited the CaCl₂-induced contractions in depolarizing medium without Ca²⁺, shifting the curves to the right and with E_max reduction. According to these results, the spasmolytic effect of caulerpine on guinea pig ileum seems to involve inhibition of Ca²⁺ influx through Ca_V. However, other mechanisms are not discarded.  相似文献   

Boron and zinc deficiencies and toxicities and their interactions with other nutrients in soybean roots,leaves, and seeds     

Michelle L. Pawlowski  Julian Helfenstein  Emmanuel Frossard 《Journal of plant nutrition》2019,42(6):634-649

In many parts of the world, soils deficient and/or toxic in micronutrients reduce potential soybean (Glycine max) yields. The objective of our study was to grow plants in low to high concentrations of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) to determine how B and Zn deficiencies and toxicities affect soybean growth and interact with other essential nutrients in roots, leaves, and seeds. We found that B significantly affected levels of all essential nutrients except manganese and iron, while Zn significantly affected all essential nutrients in at least one plant tissue tested. Some of the physiological responses and nutrient interactions were cultivar-dependent. This study showed how deficiencies and toxicities of B and Zn affect plant growth and how B and Zn fertility interacts with many of the other essential nutrients.  相似文献   

Herbal Teas and their Health Benefits: A Scoping Review     

Poswal  Fatima S.  Russell  Grace  Mackonochie  Marion  MacLennan  Euan  Adukwu  Emmanuel C.  Rolfe  Vivien 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2019,74(3):266-276

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Herbal teas are used as therapeutic vehicles in many forms of traditional medicine and are a popular global beverage. The purpose of this scoping review was to...  相似文献   

Assessment of hydraulic properties of technosols using Beerkan and multiple tension disc infiltration methods     

Deniz Yilmaz  Sofia Bouarafa  Pierre‐Emmanuel Peyneau  Rafael Angulo‐Jaramillo  Laurent Lassabatere 《European Journal of Soil Science》2019,70(5):1049-1062

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Assessing the effects of the clumping phenomenon on BRDF of a maize crop based on 3D numerical scenes using DART model   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Sylvie Duthoit  Valrie Demarez  Jean-Philippe Gastellu-Etchegorry  Emmanuel Martin  Jean-Louis Roujean 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2008,148(8-9):1341-1352

Inverting radiative transfer (R-T) models against remote sensing observations to retrieve key biogeophysical parameters such as leaf area index (LAI) is a common approach. Even if new inversion techniques allow the use of three-dimensional (3D) models for that purpose, one-dimensional (1D) models are still widely used because of their ease of implementation and computational efficiency. Nevertheless, they assume a random distribution of foliage elements whereas most canopies show a clumped organization. Due to that crude simplification in the representation of the canopy structure, sizeable discrepancies can occur between 1D simulations and real canopy reflectance, which may further lead to false LAI values. The present investigation aims to appraise to which extent the incorporation of a clumping index (noted λ) into 1D R-T model could improve the simulations of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Canopy BRDF is simulated here for three growth stages of a maize crop with the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model in the visible and near infrared spectral bands, for two contrasted soil types (dark and bright) and different levels of heterogeneity to represent the canopy structure. 3D numerical scenes are based on in-situ structural measurements and associated BRDF simulations are thus considered as references. 1D scenarios assume either that leaves are randomly distributed (λ = 1) or clumped (λ < 1). If BRDF simulations seem globally reliable under the assumption of a random distribution in near infrared, it can also lead to relative errors on the total BRDF up to 30% in the red spectral band. It comes out that the use of a clumping index in a 1D reflectance model generally improves BRDF simulations in the red considering a bright soil, which seems relatively independent of LAI. In the near infrared, best results are usually obtained with homogeneous canopies, except with the dark soil. Clearly, influent factors are mainly the LAI and the spectral contrast between soil and leaves.  相似文献   

Combining ability of yield and yield components among Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae-compatible and Striga-resistant sorghum genotypes     

Emmanuel Mrema  Hussein Shimelis  Mark Laing 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2020,70(2):95-108

ABSTRACT

Use of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars with partial resistance to Striga spp. and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS) represents a novel strategy to control Striga. This study aimed to identify the nature of gene action controlling grain yield and yield components and to select promising sorghum crosses possessing both FOS compatibility and Striga resistance, along with good combining ability effects. One-hundred hybrids, developed from pairwise matings among 10 FOS compatible, high-yielding female lines and 10 Striga-resistant male lines, were evaluated with and without FOS inoculation. The F₁s were field evaluated at three locations in Tanzania known for their severe Striga infestation, using an alpha lattice design with two replications. General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were significant for grain yield per plant, hundred-seed weight, plant height, flowering time and the number of Striga plants. The study demonstrated FOS inoculation to be an effective means of controlling Striga. Families 675?×?672, AS435?×?3993 and 4643?×?AS436 displaying large SCA effects for grain yield, and 4567?×?AS429, 3424?×?AS430 and 3424?×?AS436 with small SCA effects for Striga counts should be useful genetic resources for breeding and integrated Striga management.  相似文献   

Public sector soybean (Glycine max) breeding: Advances in cultivar development in the African tropics     

Godfree Chigeza  Steve Boahen  Melaku Gedil  Eric Agoyi  Hapson Mushoriwa  Nicholas Denwar  Therese Gondwe  Abush Tesfaye  Alpha Kamara  Oladeji Emmanuel Alamu  David Chikoye 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(4):455-464

Formal public sector soybean breeding in Africa spans over four decades, and it was initiated by the International Institute of Tropical Agricultural (IITA). As the demand of soybean continues to outstrip production, strategic projects such the Tropical Legume (TL) were initiated, in which the main goal was to enhance the productivity of soybean in the farmers’ fields in Sub‐Saharan Africa. One of the strategies to enhance the productivity of soybean in the farmers’ fields is through developing and deploying improved soybean varieties in the target countries. Through the TL I and TL II projects, a number of varieties were released in the target countries, Kenya, Nigeria, Malawi and Mozambique by employing participatory variety selection (PVS). This review provides highlights of the achievements made by IITA breeding programme and insights of what needs to be done to enhance yield improvement for soybean in Africa using demand‐driven breeding approaches.  相似文献   

Soil organic carbon storage and quality are impacted by corn cob biochar application on a tropical sandy loam     

Amoakwah  Emmanuel  Arthur  Emmanuel  Frimpong  Kwame A.  Parikh  Sanjai J.  Islam  Rafiq 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2020,20(4):1960-1969

Purpose

Humic substances, which are integral components of total organic carbon (TOC), influence soil quality. The study aimed to investigate whether humic and non-humic fractions exhibit early, consistent, and measurable changes and affect TOC sensitivity and storage in a tropical sandy loam soils amended with corn cob biochar.

Materials and methods

There were four treatments with four replicates established in a randomized complete block design. Composite soil samples were taken from plots without biochar (CT), from plots incorporated with 15 t biochar ha^?1 (BC-15), and 30 t biochar ha^?1 without or with phosphate fertilizer (BC-30 and BC-30+P). The TOC, and humin, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (HA) fractions of soil organic carbon were determined for each treatment. The optical densities (400–700 nm) were measured on the soil-free extracts by spectrophotometry; the densities measured at 465 and 665 nm were used to calculate the E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ ratios.

Results and discussion

The BC-30 and BC-30+P plots recorded the highest TOC, humin, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA) contents with respect to the lowest in the CT. The total exchangeable carbon stratification was significantly higher in all the biochar-treated plots relative to the CT. Spectral analysis showed higher values of E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ (5.02 and 5.15) in the CT and BC-15-treated soils, respectively, compared with the BC-30 and BC-30+P-amended soils with E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ ratios of 2.76 and 2.98, respectively.

Conclusions

Corn cob biochar applied to a tropical sandy loam:

? increased the concentrations of HA and FA and led to increased stratification of TOC, with a stronger effect on HA compared with FA;

? significantly lowered E₄₆₅/E₆₆₅ at the high biochar application rate of 30 t ha^?1, implying the dominance of high molecular weight humic acid-like substances, and increased degree of aromaticity of the TOC.

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A method for intervertebral space distraction before stabilization combined with complete ventral slot for treatment of disc-associated wobbler syndrome in dogs     

Shamir MH  Chai O  Loeb E 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2008,37(2):186-192

Objective— To evaluate the use of a modified K-wire spacer for maintaining intervertebral distraction after ventral decompression and during stabilization as a treatment for disc-associated wobbler syndrome in large breed dogs.
Study Design— A retrospective study.
Animals— Dogs (n=7) with disc-associated wobbler syndrome.
Methods— Medical records (2003–2006) of dogs treated by a modified surgical method were evaluated. Data retrieved were signalment, onset and duration of clinical signs, neurologic abnormalities, diagnostic methods, surgical procedure, immediate, and long-term (≥1 year) postoperative clinical and radiographic outcome.
Results— Mean duration of clinical signs was 4.8 months. Neurologic signs included ataxia (2), ambulatory tetraparesis (2), and non-ambulatory tetraparesis (3). Three dogs had disc protrusion in 2 sites, 2 dogs had the procedure in 1 location and stabilization of both affected sites. All dogs improved dramatically and remained for 1–3 years. One dog had recurrence of cervical discomfort 13 months later.
Conclusions— Despite the limited number of dogs, overall initial successful outcome with only 1 dog having mild recurrence 13 months later supports further use and evaluation of this technique.
Clinical Relevance— Distraction using a K-wire spacer after ventral decompression followed by stabilization should be considered in dogs with disc-associated wobbler syndrome to prevent collapse of the intervertebral space.  相似文献