Seroepidemiological studies of zoonotic infections in hunters in southeastern Austria--prevalences,risk factors,and preventive methods     

Deutz A  Fuchs K  Schuller W  Nowotny N  Auer H  Aspöck H  Stünzner D  Kerbl U  Klement C  Köfer J 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(7-8):306-311

The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalences to zoonotic pathogens in hunters, to propose preventive measures and to obtain more information about the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in local wild animal populations. From 146 male and 3 female hunters originating from the south-eastern Austrian federal states of Styria and Burgenland blood samples were taken and anamnestic data were obtained using a questionnaire. The serological investigations included the following viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonotic agents or zoonoses, respectively (antibody-seroprevalences in brackets): encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV, 15%), Puumala-Hantavirus (10%), Newcastle Disease virus (NDV, 4%), borreliosis (IgG 42%, IgM 7%), brucellosis (1%), chlamydiosis (3%), ehrlichiosis (IgG 15%, IgM 3%), leptospirosis (10%), tularaemia (3%), Q fever (0%), Echinococcus multilocularis/E. granulosus (5%/11%), toxocariasis (17%). Out of a control group of 50 persons (urban population, no hunters) only one person was found to be seropositive for Toxocara canis and NDV and four for EMCV, all other results were negative in the control group. The high seroprevalences especially to Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Ehrlichia spp., Leptospira interrogans, E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, encephalomyocarditis virus and Puumala virus demonstrate that hunters are particularly exposed to zoonotic pathogens. It should also be noted that one hunter was seropositive for Brucella abortus and five exhibited antibodies to Francisella tularensis. In these cases, as well as in the cases of the 15 seropositives for Leptospira interrogans, the suspected source of infection may--besides rodents--also include wild boars and brown hares. The infections with NDV and Chlamydophila psittaci may be traced back to contact with certain species of birds (potential risk: aviaries). For Hantaviruses, rodents are considered to be the main source of human infections.  相似文献   

Rate of carbon dioxide production and energy expenditure in fed and food-deprived adult dogs determined by indirect calorimetry and isotopic methods     

Pouteau EB  Mariot SM  Martin LJ  Dumon HJ  Mabon FJ  Krempf MA  Robins RJ  Darmaun DH  Naulet NA  Nguyen PG 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(1):111-118

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate energy expenditure (EE) in dogs by estimating rate of CO2 production (rCO2). ANIMALS: 15 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Food was withheld for 24 hours, and all dogs received an IV infusion of 13C sodium bicarbonate for 8 hours. Breath samples were collected before infusion and at 30-minute intervals from 4 to 8 hours, and 13C enrichment in breath CO2 was measured, using gas chromatography-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. Food was withheld from 6 dogs, and rCO2 and O2 consumption were measured, using a conventional indirect calorimeter. The CO2 production and O2 consumption were measured by use of indirect calorimetry in 6 other fed dogs that were injected with 2H2O and H2(18)O. Blood samples were collected before tracer injection, 4 hours later, and on days 4, 7, and 11. Deuterium and 18O enrichments in plasma water were determined. RESULTS: Mean rCO2 measured by indirect calorimetry was 516 +/- 34 and 410 +/- 16 micromol/kg(0.75)/min in 6 fed and 6 food-deprived dogs, respectively. The rCO2 calculated from 13C-bicarbonate dilution was 482 +/- 30 micromol/kg(0.75)/min. Mean rCO2 determined by use of the double-labeled water method was 1,036 +/- 46 mmol/kg(0.75)/d. Mean energy expenditure calculated from rCO2 determined by infusion of 13C bicarbonate, indirect calorimetry in fed and food-deprived dogs, and infusion of double-labeled water was 386 +/- 39, 379 +/- 25, 338 +/- 14, and 552 +/- 25 kJ/kg(0.75)/d, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Energy expenditure calculated by indirect calorimetry in unfed dogs can be considered representative of basal metabolic rate.  相似文献   

Changes in the riparian zone of the lower Eygues River,France, since 1830     

G. Mathias Kondolf  Hervé Piégay  Norbert Landon 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(3):367-384

The riparian forests along braided rivers are dynamic, frequently rejuvenated by floods and channel changes, and thus dominated by pioneer to middle stages of succession; they are sites of high biodiversity in some regions. The Lower Eygues River (drainage area 1150 km² in southeastern France) is such a braided river system with large alluvial forests dominated by Salix alba, Populus alba, and P. nigra. It was identified as a site of ecological interest by the EU under the Natura 2000 program. Such forests elsewhere in Europe have been identified as reference ecosystems. We documented the historical evolution of this alluvial forest from detailed (1:2500 scale) early 19th C parcel maps, early 20th C topographic maps, aerial photography from 1947 to 1996, and field surveys of topography and riparian vegetation in 1997–1998. Our results show that in 1830, the channel was wide, aggraded, and agricultural pressure extended literally to the channel edge. With decline in the rural population and reduced agricultural and grazing pressure in the catchment, erosion rates declined. Reduced sediment supply led to channel narrowing and incision. This channel narrowing, coupled with reduced agricultural pressure along the banks, has allowed riparian forest to colonize former active channel areas, especially within late 19th-century 20th century flood dykes. In recent decades, aggregate mining, and clearing for recreation and agriculture have fragmented the forest. Thus, the alluvial forest of the Lower Eygues is largely an artifact of changing human land-use over the past century, a context that should frame efforts for preservation and restoration.  相似文献   

Conversion rates of aldicarb and its oxidation products in soils. II. Aldicarb sulphoxide     

Johan H. Smelt  Minze Leistra  Norbert W. H. Houx  Abraham Dekker 《Pest management science》1978,9(4):286-292

The loss of aldicarb sulphoxide was studied in incubation experiments with soil from four plough layers and two deeper layers. The loss during the 111 days of the experiment could be described by first-order kinetics. The half-lives at 15°C ranged from 20 days in a clay loam to 46 days in a peaty sand. The loss of sulphoxide in deeper layers was considerably slower than in the corresponding top layers of a soil profile. In soil from a silty layer at 70–90 cm depth the half-life was about 53 days. In soil from a sand layer at 90–110 cm depth a loss of only about 15% was measured after 111 days of incubation. First-order rate constants for sulphoxide conversion in a clay loam at 6, 15 and 25°C were found to be 0.009, 0.033, and 0.05 day^?1 respectively; in a greenhouse soil these rate constants were 0.0052, 0.019 and 0.04 day^?1 respectively. The fractions of aldicarb sulphoxide that were oxidised to sulphone at 15°C in soil from plough layers were computed to range from 0.52 to 0.76.  相似文献   

Conversion rates of aldicarb and its oxidation products in soils. III. Aldicarb     

Johan H. Smelt  Minze Leistra  Norbert W. H. Houx  Abraham Dekker 《Pest management science》1978,9(4):293-300

Aldicarb was incubated in seven soils at 15°C and its loss was well described by first-order kinetics. Rate constants varied between 0.078 day^?1 in a peaty sand to 0.35 day^?1 in a clay loam. The concentration-time relationships for aldicarb, its sulphoxide and its sulphone were approximated by a computation model which was used to analyse the importance of the various consecutive and simultaneous reactions. It was computed that 91 to 100% of the aldicarb would be oxidised to its sulphoxide.  相似文献   

Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring growth, delta(13)C, visible foliar injury and leaf gas exchange in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species     

Novak K  Cherubini P  Saurer M  Fuhrer J  Skelly JM  Kräuchi N  Schaub M 《Tree physiology》2007,27(7):941-949

We assessed the effects of ambient tropospheric ozone on annual tree-ring growth, delta(13)C in the rings, leaf gas exchange and visible injury in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species in southern Switzerland. Seedlings of Populus nigra L., Viburnum lantana L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and non-filtered air (NF) in open-top chambers, and to ambient air (AA) in open plots during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Ambient ozone exposures in the region were sufficient to cause visible foliar injury, early leaf senescence and premature leaf loss in all species. Ozone had significant negative effects on net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in all species in 2002 and in V. lantana and F. excelsior in 2001. Water-use efficiency decreased and intercellular CO(2) concentrations increased in all species in response to ozone in 2002 only. The width and delta(13)C of the 2001 and 2002 growth rings were measured for all species at the end of the 2002 growing season. Compared with CF seedlings, mean ring width in the AA and NF P. nigra seedlings was reduced by 52 and 46%, respectively, in 2002, whereas in V. lantana and F. excelsior, ring width showed no significant reductions in either year. Although delta(13)C was usually more negative in CF seedlings than in AA and NF seedlings, with the exception of F. excelsior in 2001, ozone effects on delta(13)C were significant only for V. lantana and P. nigra in 2001. Among species, P. nigra exhibited the greatest response to ozone for the measured parameters as well as the most severe foliar injury and was the only species to show a significant reduction in ring width in response to ozone exposure, despite significant negative ozone effects on leaf gas exchange and the development of visible foliar injury in V. lantana and F. excelsior. Thus, significant ozone-induced effects at the leaf level did not correspond to reduced tree-ring growth or increased delta(13)C in all species, indicating that the timing of ozone exposure and severity of leaf-level responses may be important in determining the sensitivity of tree productivity to ozone exposure.  相似文献   

Impact of leaf infestation by herbivorous insects on the elemental uptake of citrus trees     

Semhi  Khadija  Clauer  Norbert  Al-Raeesi  Ali Ahmed 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2019,126(1):67-76

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The elemental compositions of healthy and infested leaves of three species of lemon trees (Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus aurantium and Citrus medica) were...  相似文献   

Interstitial lactate,lactate/pyruvate and glucose in rat muscle before,during and in the recovery from global hypoxia     

Norbert Zoremba  Ale? Homola  Rolf Rossaint  Eva Syková 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)

Background

Hypoxia results in an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen consumption. This study utilized microdialysis to monitor changes in the energy-related metabolites lactate, pyruvate and glucose in rat muscle before, during and after 30 minutes of transient global hypoxia. Hypoxia was induced in anaesthetised rats by reducing inspired oxygen to 6% O₂ in nitrogen.

Results

Basal values for lactate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose were 0.72 ± 0.04 mmol/l, 10.03 ± 1.16 and 3.55 ± 0.19 mmol/l (n = 10), respectively. Significant increases in lactate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio were found in the muscle after the induction of hypoxia. Maximum values of 2.26 ± 0.37 mmol/l for lactate were reached during early reperfusion, while the lactate/pyruvate ratio reached maximum values of 35.84 ± 7.81 at the end of hypoxia. Following recovery to ventilation with air, extracellular lactate levels and the lactate/pyruvate ratio returned to control levels within 30–40 minutes. Extracellular glucose levels showed no significant difference between hypoxia and control experiments.

Conclusions

In our study, the complete post-hypoxic recovery of metabolite levels suggests that metabolic enzymes of the skeletal muscle and their related cellular components may be able to tolerate severe hypoxic periods without prolonged damage. The consumption of glucose in the muscle in relation to its delivery seems to be unaffected.  相似文献   

The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness     

Saint André Av  Blackwell NM  Hall LR  Hoerauf A  Brattig NW  Volkmann L  Taylor MJ  Ford L  Hise AG  Lass JH  Diaconu E  Pearlman E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5561):1892-1895

Parasitic filarial nematodes infect more than 200 million individuals worldwide, causing debilitating inflammatory diseases such as river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. Using a murine model for river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes were injected into the corneal stroma, we demonstrated that the predominant inflammatory response in the cornea was due to species of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. In addition, the inflammatory response induced by these bacteria was dependent on expression of functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on host cells.  相似文献   

Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement     

Dalley JW  Fryer TD  Brichard L  Robinson ES  Theobald DE  Lääne K  Peña Y  Murphy ER  Shah Y  Probst K  Abakumova I  Aigbirhio FI  Richards HK  Hong Y  Baron JC  Everitt BJ  Robbins TW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5816):1267-1270

Stimulant addiction is often linked to excessive risk taking, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, but in ways that are poorly understood. We report here that a form of impulsivity in rats predicts high rates of intravenous cocaine self-administration and is associated with changes in dopamine (DA) function before drug exposure. Using positron emission tomography, we demonstrated that D2/3 receptor availability is significantly reduced in the nucleus accumbens of impulsive rats that were never exposed to cocaine and that such effects are independent of DA release. These data demonstrate that trait impulsivity predicts cocaine reinforcement and that D2 receptor dysfunction in abstinent cocaine addicts may, in part, be determined by premorbid influences.  相似文献