Comparative study on responses of cattle and water buffalo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bubalus bubalis</Emphasis>) to experimental inoculation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brucella abortus</Emphasis> biovar 1 by the intraconjunctival route—a preliminary report     

Abiodun A. Adesiyun  Geoff T. Fosgate  Anil Persad  Mervyn Campbell  Ravi Seebaransingh  Alva Stewart-Johnson 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(8):1685-1694

The preliminary study was conducted to assess the virulence of a strain of Brucella abortus (1969D) and to compare the susceptibility of water buffalo and cattle calves to infection by the intraconjunctival route. Seven of each cattle and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves aged 3–6 months were inoculated intraconjunctivally with counts ranging from 1.5 × 10⁷ to 1.7 × 10¹⁰ colony forming units of B. abortus. Animals were monitored over an 8-week period for clinical manifestations and serological and hematological evidence of infection. At slaughter, eight lymph nodes from each animal were sampled for bacteriological and histopathological assessments. Lymph nodes from three water buffalo (43%) and five cattle (71%) yielded B. abortus (P = 0.048). Parotid/prescapular lymph nodes were most sensitive in detecting B. abortus. Our data suggest that B. abortus strain 1969D may be used as challenge strain, and water buffalo appeared to have a lower susceptibility to B. abortus infection than cattle.  相似文献   

Identification and characterization of international Fusarium head blight screening nurseries of wheat at CIMMYT, Mexico   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinyao He  Pawan K. Singh  Etienne Duveiller  Norbert Schlang  Susanne Dreisigacker  Ravi P. Singh 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(1):123-134

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat to wheat production globally, causing not only yield losses but also food and feed contamination. FHB research began at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in the early 1980’s, and since then, large-scale FHB screening has been conducted to identify and incorporate new resistance genes into elite CIMMYT germplasm. Promising lines with good FHB resistance were regularly compiled as a Fusarium Head Blight Screening Nursery (FHBSN) and distributed worldwide. The first FHBSN was assembled in 1985, and the most recent two were the 13th and 14th FHBSN that were released in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Candidate lines for a FHBSN came mainly from different CIMMYT wheat breeding programs and were tested for three consecutive years before being included in an FHBSN. FHBSN screening was conducted under strictly standardized field conditions at El Batán, where CIMMYT headquarters is located, using artificial inoculation of F. graminearum strains, whose aggressiveness and DON chemotypes had been previously identified. FHB index was scored at 31 days after inoculation for all lines and DON concentration was measured only for elite lines in their 2nd and 3rd year of evaluation. Haplotyping is a new tool for genetic characterization of FHBSN entries and helps to identify new resistance sources with novel resistance genes and to better target crosses toward diversifying and/or pyramiding resistance. The 13th FHBSN was taken as an example in this paper to show the procedure and strategy for the development of new FHB resistant lines.  相似文献   

Use of Biosolids for Phytocapping of Landfill Soil     

Dane T. Lamb  Stephen Heading  Nanthi Bolan  Ravi Naidu 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2695-2705

Conventional clay capping for post-closure management of landfill commonly cracks and deteriorates over time. As a consequence, water ingress into waste increases as a function of time, potentially causing a range of environmental issues. An alternative approach is known as phytocapping, which utilizes select plant species to control cap stability and moisture percolation. In this study, growth of Arundo donax L. (giant reed), Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Indian mustard), and Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) on a landfill site was studied with different biosolid amendment rates (0, 25, and 50?Mg?ha^?1). Cultivation of the landfill cap and amendment with biosolids significantly improved the characteristics of the soil. Growth of each plant species increased due to biosolid addition. Giant reed produced the largest biomass in the 50?Mg?ha^?1 biosolid amendment rate (38?Mg?ha^?1 dry weight). The high pH and clay content of landfill cap soil, and the low metal concentrations of the biosolid resulted in low heavy metal (copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead) accumulation in leaves of most treatments. The improvement in growth and limited uptake of metal contaminants to plant shoots indicated that biosolid application to landfill clay caps improves the application of phytocapping of old landfill sites.  相似文献   

Organoclays reduce arsenic bioavailability and bioaccessibility in contaminated soils     

Binoy Sarkar  Ravi Naidu  Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman  Mallavarapu Megharaj  Yunfei Xi 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(5):704-712

Purpose  

Naturally occurring layer silicate clay minerals can be value added by modifying their surface properties to enhance their efficacy in the remediation of environmental contaminants. Silicate clay minerals modified by the introduction of organic molecules into the mineral structure are known as organoclays and show much promise for environmental remediation applications. The present study assesses the extent of decrease in bioavailable and bioaccessible arsenic (As) via enhanced adsorption by soil treated with organoclays.  相似文献   

Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus article - a comment     

Ravi M  Wobeser G  Taylor S  Jackson M 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2011,52(11):1161; author reply 1161

  相似文献   

IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST AND NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS- POTASSIUM APPLICATION ON BIOMASS PARTITIONING,NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF ARECANUT     

S. Sujatha  Ravi Bhat 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):976-989

A long-term field experiment (1998 to 2010) investigated the effects of vermicompost (VC) and chemical fertilizers (CF) application alone or in combination on biomass partitioning, nutrient uptake and productivity of arecanut. Trunk biomass (kg palm^?1) was significantly higher with integrated treatments (40.8–43.0) than control (23.9). Biomass partitioning to kernel varied between 4.6% in control to 7.7% in CF 100 and 200% nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K). The leaf P and K content varied significantly among treatments. The N immobilized in trunk (g palm^?1) was significantly higher in integrated treatments (119-127) than in control (93). Phosphorus and K uptake by trunk followed same trend. The leaf K uptake and total K removed were found significant. The nutrition treatments registered significantly higher kernel yield (2508–3176 kg ha^?1) than control (1721 kg ha^?1). The increased yield of arecanut from chemical fertilizers (73–85%) was more pronounced when compared to VC (48–59%) and integrated treatments (46–63%) over control.  相似文献   

Integrated assessment of diversification of rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plain     

Ravi Kant Singh  Jitendra Singh Bohra  Triyugi Nath  Yeshwant Singh  Kalyan Singh 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):489-506

Diversification of rice-wheat cropping system may improve the productivity and sustainability of agricultural production in the Indo-Gangetic plane region (IGPR), but the choice of alternative sequences to be used requires integrated assessment of various crop sequences. A long-term field experiment was initiated during 2000–01 on sandy loam soil at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India to assess 10 rice-based cropping sequences – rice-wheat, rice-chickpea, rice-wheat-green gram, rice-wheat-Sesbania (green manure), rice-mustard-green gram, rice-lentil-cowpea (fodder), rice-pea, rice-lentil + mustard (3:1)-cowpea (fodder), rice-maize (cob) + vegetable pea (1:1)-cowpea (fodder) and rice-potato-green gram in randomized block design with four replications. The data contained in this paper are for the year 2002–03 and 2003–04. Substitution of rice-wheat with 300% intensity cropping sequences particularly with rice-potato-green gram resulted in maximum production cost but gave the highest system productivity, net return, benefit:cost ratio, production efficiency, profitability and energy productivity. Inclusion of summer grain/fodder legume or Sesbania for green manuring improved the content of soil organic matter. The soil P status was positively affected in all the sequences and particularly those with summer crops. Decline in soil available K in all the sequences indicated inadequacy of present recommended rate of fertilizer K to all the component crops in different sequences.  相似文献   

Not All Phosphate Fertilizers Immobilize Lead in Soils     

Zheng Miao Xie  Jianjun Chen  Ravi Naidu 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2013,224(12):1-7

The effects of six phosphate (P) fertilizers in mobilizing and immobilizing water-soluble lead (Pb) were determined in a contaminated soil (Alfisol from Shaoxing) from China and four Australian soils (an Oxisol from Twonsville Queensland and three South Australian soils from Cooke Plains (Typic Palexeralf)), Inman Valley (Vertisol), and Two Wells (Natric Palexeralf). The fertilizers tested were single superphosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) to produce an initial P concentration of 1,000 mg/L. The Chinese soil contained 16,397 mg/kg total Pb, but the Australian soils were uncontaminated. The four Australian soils were each spiked with 1,000 mg Pb/kg soil (as Pb(NO₃)₂) and incubated for a month. Single superphosphate treatments decreased total soluble Pb in soil solution to 2–14 % of those of the nil-P (0P) treatment in the four Pb-spiked soils and to 48 % in the Chinese Pb-contaminated soil. The DAP treatment followed by the MAP treatment greatly increased the total soluble Pb in soil solution up to 135–500 % of the 0P treatment, except in the Two Wells soil. MCP could decrease the total soluble Pb in Cooke Plains, Inman Valley, Shaoxing, and Two Wells soils while increase it in the Queensland soil; DCP decreased the total soluble Pb in Cooke Plains and Queensland soils while increased it in the Shaoxing and Inman Valley soils. There were close relationships between the total soluble Pb, total soluble Al, and total soluble Fe in the water extracts of each. Soluble Al and Fe ions in soil solution increased soluble Pb concentrations. We conclude that not all phosphate fertilizers immobilize Pb in soils equally well. SSP and TSP are excellent Pb-immobilizing fertilizers, while MAP and DAP are strong Pb-mobilizing fertilizers. MCP and DCP are either Pb-immobilizing fertilizers or Pb-mobilizing fertilizers depending on their reactions with individual soils.  相似文献   

Effect of Seaweeds on Degradation of DDT in Soils     

Simi Sudharshan  Megharaj Mallavarapu  Nanthi Bolan  Ravi Naidu 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2013,224(12):1-8

There are concerns over the environmental risks posed by Cu-based fungicide use, and there is community and regulatory pressure on viticultural industries to restrict the use of Cu-based fungicides. This study assesses the relative environmental risks posed by Cu-based and alternative synthetic organic fungicide compounds used in Australian vineyards, giving particular consideration to their adverse effects on soil microbial activity and how risks vary across different viticultural regions. The study was guided by key steps in the ecological risk assessment framework to analyse the risks of Cu-based fungicides towards soil organisms and involved four key steps: (1) problem formulation, (2) analysis (characterise exposure and effects), (3) risk characterisation and (4) risk assessment. There is evidence of a build-up of Cu-based fungicide residues in Australian vineyard soils, although this has occurred over many years, thus allowing the availability of Cu in the soil to be attenuated over time due to aging processes. On the whole, it appears that Cu-based fungicide residues are currently unlikely to pose a significant risk to soil organisms in Australian vineyard soils. However, there are indicators that continued applications of Cu-based fungicides may well have implications on the use of impacted land for sustainable agricultural production. Further detailed studies are required to enable a more definitive characterisation of the risks posed by Cu-based fungicide residues, such as establishing a clearer link between the laboratory and agricultural settings, investigating effects on other indicators of microbial activity and biodiversity and understanding the resilience of soil microbes to additional stressors. The challenge for agricultural industries and governments, both in Australia and globally, is to formulate appropriate plans to reduce the risks associated with Cu-based fungicide use. Further research is required to consider the relative risks of a wide range of alternative fungicide compounds to ensure that they pose a lower environmental risk than the Cu-based fungicides they may replace.  相似文献   

利用F2-NIL定位一个控制水稻穗颖花数、株高和抽穗期的多效QTL     

张玉山  汪剑波  徐才国 《吉林农业大学学报》2008,30(3)

利用重组自交系合适世代(F7或F8)的单株具有一定杂合率的特点,在重组自交系的一个家系内,选择到水稻每穗颖花数(SPP)、株高(PH)和抽穗期(HD)3个性状同时分离的2个单株。以这2个单株为亲本快速构建F2群体(F2-NIL)。由于这2个单株背景高度一致,故这个群体就是快速构建的近等基因系群体。后代测验结果为3个数量性状中的每一个性状的3种基因型分离数目均相同(29,63,33),且卡方测验符合1∶2∶1的孟德尔分离比例,表明3个数量性状——每穗颖花数、抽穗期和株高均表现为质量性状分离。利用这个群体定位了一个位于第8染色体上、同时控制水稻每穗颖花数、抽穗期和株高3个性状的多效区段RM310~RM126,这个QTL可以解释这3个性状的很大的表现型方差(66.0%~81.1%)。利用后代测验结果,定位了控制这3个性状的基因位置。控制3个性状的基因和QTL位于相同的位置,QTL遗传效应的方向也相同,表明控制3个性状的遗传机制更可能是一因多效的结果,而非3个紧密连锁基因单独控制的结果;同时也表明利用重组自交系群体构建近等基因系的方法是快速构建近等基因系的有效方法。  相似文献