Synergy between grapevine vitiviruses and grapevine leafroll viruses     

A. Rowhani  Steve Daubert  K. Arnold  M. Al Rwahnih  V. Klaassen  D. Golino  J. K. Uyemoto 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,151(4):919-925

An interactive relationship between vitiviruses and grapevine leafroll viruses was characterized in grapevine. Grapevine viruses A and B (GVA and GVB) were found more frequently in the presence of co-infecting Grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV-1, ?2 or ?3) than in their absence. The titers of the vitiviruses in co-infection with leafroll viruses were found to be higher than were their titers in the absence of leafroll virus infection. The occurrence of vitivirus-associated stem-pitting symptoms was correlated with leafroll virus co-infection. Specific pairing associations on the species level were found between different viti- and leafroll virus species: GVB was associated preferentially with GLRaV-2; GVA was associated preferentially with GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3. In contrast to the increase in vitivirus titer seen with leafroll virus co-infection, the incidence and titer of grapevine leafroll virus appeared to be unaltered by vitivirus co-infection. The potential for a synergistic enhancement of grapevine disease in co-infected vines is discussed.  相似文献   

Machine vision smart sprayer for spot-application of agrochemical in wild blueberry fields     

Travis Esau  Qamar Zaman  Dominic Groulx  Aitazaz Farooque  Arnold Schumann  Young Chang 《Precision Agriculture》2018,19(4):770-788

An essential part of the wild blueberry cropping system is the proper management of agrochemical inputs including herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. A machine vision system was developed and mounted on the rear sprayer boom 0.18 m in front of the sprayer nozzles capable of targeting the agrochemical application on an as-needed basis. The three-point hitch mounted sprayer featured 27 nozzles over a 13.7 m boom width and a storage tank capacity of 1135 l. Nine digital color cameras continually take images in real-time while computer software processes the images in 0.15 s to determine the target locations where the nozzles open and spray at speeds up to 1.77 m s^?1. Two wild blueberry fields in central Nova Scotia were selected for smart sprayer performance testing with spot-application (SA) of agrochemical as compared to control and uniform application techniques. Chateau^® herbicide was applied in a field with an infestation of hair cap moss. Spray droplet comparison showed moss patches were properly targeted using the smart sprayer. SA provided the same coverage performance as compared to uniform on the moss targets with herbicide application savings of 78.5% using the smart sprayer. Harvestable yield results were similar for all application tracks. TruPhos Magnesium and ZincMax foliar fertilizers were tank mixed with Bravo^® and Proline^® fungicides and applied to compare the difference of SA, control and uniform application. Results showed SA of foliar fertilizer and fungicide led to less premature leaf drop and increased the blueberry stem height, number of branches, stem diameter and fruit buds. SA of foliar fertilizer and fungicide also increased the percent of healthy wild blueberry plants by 57.8% and the harvestable yield by 137.8%. Fungicide application savings using the smart sprayer for SA were 11.6%.  相似文献   

Climate change impact on corn suitability in Isabela province,Philippines     

Arnold R. Salvacion  Artemio A. MartinJr. 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2016,19(3):223-229

Climate change is expected to affect agricultural crop production in the Philippines. Several studies were already done to quantify the effect of climate change on agricultural crop production in the country. Most of these studies focus only on the effect of climate change on crop yield. This study estimated the effect of climate change on the area (suitable area) for corn production. Using the Land Use Suitability Evaluation Tool (LUSET), change in corn suitability in the province of Isabela was estimated for the years 2050, 2060, and 2070. Based on the results, climate change will negatively impact corn suitability in the province. Decreasing trend in corn suitability rating was observed due to increasing temperature resulting to loss of highly suitable areas for corn production. For example, during the first cropping season the estimated average decreases in suitability scores due to an increase in temperature were 6.7, 11.4, and 20.7% in the years 2050, 2060, and 2070, respectively. These decreases in suitability resulted in the loss of 6,777 ha highly suitable areas for corn production.  相似文献   

Genetic variation in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis for early growth and susceptibility to the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jianzhong Luo  Roger Arnold  Wanhong Lu  Yan Lin 《Euphytica》2014,196(3):397-411

The gall wasp Leptocybe invasa is a major insect pest on plantation Eucalyptus in many countries. Since appearing in China in 2007 it has had major impacts on commercial plantations—some commonly planted Eucalyptus varieties have proven particularly susceptible, including hybrids involving Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis parent species. Intra-specific variation within each species for L. invasa susceptibility was examined in two seed source and family trials in southwest of Guangdong. The E. camaldulensis trial included 101 seedlots representing five natural stand and six seed orchard sources which also represented three sub-specific taxa. The E. tereticornis trial included 143 seedlots representing 11 natural stand and four seed orchard sources, including breeding seed orchards in China. Both trials were assessed for susceptibility to L. invasa along with height at age 9 months. Sub-specific taxa within E. camaldulensis differed significantly (P < 0.01) in L. invasa susceptibility but not height or survival; subsp. acuta had the lowest average susceptibility and subsp. simulata and obtusa were of intermediate susceptibility whilst material of uncertain sub-specific taxa from India had the highest average susceptibility. In E. tereticornis regions of origin and seed sources within regions differed significantly (P < 0.01) for both L. invasa susceptibility and height; the region China (all somewhat improved sources) had both the best average height growth and lowest susceptibility whilst the region Australia (all natural stand sources) proved inferior to China for both average susceptibility and height. A strong significant correlation was found between seed source average L. invasa susceptibility and annual rainfall at seed source geographic origin in E. tereticornis (r = ?0.873; P < 0.01), implying that seedlots from higher rainfall environments are markedly less susceptible to L. invasa. The equivalent parameter in E. camaldulensis was also strong (r = ?0.730) though not significant, perhaps due to having only five data points available. Differences between families within seed sources for both L. invasa susceptibility and height growth were also highly significant (P < 0.01) with the former trait proving moderately to strongly heritable (h _i ²  = 0.54 ± 0.40 in E. camaldulensis; 0.52 ± 0.50 in E. tereticornis). Height had low to moderate heritability in both species (h _i ²  = 0.11 ± 0.15 and 0.26 ± 0.08 respectively). Tree height and L. invasa susceptibility showed a moderate negative (favourable) genetic correlation in E. camaldulensis (?0.33 ± 0.64) and a moderate to strong negative (favourable) genetic correlation in E. tereticornis (?0.47 ± 0.31). Corresponding phenotypic correlations, though significant, were somewhat weaker (?0.16 and ?0.29 respectively), indicating a trend for taller trees to have lower levels of L. invasa susceptibility.  相似文献   

Frequency and distribution of the brown rust resistance gene Bru1 and implications for the Louisiana sugarcane breeding programme     

Arnold S. Parco  Mavir C. Avellaneda  Anna H. Hale  Jeffrey W. Hoy  Collins A. Kimbeng  Michael J. Pontif  Kenneth A. Gravois  Niranjan Baisakh 《Plant Breeding》2014,133(5):654-659

Brown rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia melanocephala, poses an increasing threat to sugarcane industries worldwide. Recently, markers R12H16 and 9020‐F4 were developed for a major resistance gene Bru1 that contributes to a significant proportion of brown rust resistance in multiple sugarcane industries. Marker‐assisted screening of Louisiana sugarcane germplasm showed a low frequency (4.3%, five out of 117 clones) of Bru1 among sugarcane cultivars and elite breeding clones. Likewise, among progeny of crosses involving wild/exotic germplasm, only 14 of 208 clones (6.7%) tested Bru1 positive. However, Bru1 frequency was higher (28.7%, 52 of 181 clones) in wild/exotic germplasm, which indicated that diverse genetic resources are available for Bru1 introgression. Commercial Bru1‐positive cultivar, ‘L 01‐299', was resistant to brown rust. However, Bru1‐positive cultivar, ‘L 10‐146’, was susceptible while Bru1‐negative cultivars, such as ‘L 99‐233’, showed resistance to brown rust. Bru1‐negative clones with brown rust resistance offer an opportunity to identify alternate sources of resistance, which can be pyramided with Bru1 for effective and durable resistance in sugarcane against the changing pathogen.  相似文献   

Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): estimation of tissue infectivity according to incubation period     

Arnold ME  Hawkins SA  Green R  Dexter I  Wells GA 《Veterinary research》2009,40(1):8-Feb;40(1):08

This paper reports the results of tissue infectivity assays of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent in orally exposed cattle at stages during the incubation period. Estimations of the titre of infectivity in central nervous system (CNS), certain peripheral nerve ganglia and distal ileum tissue were made according to time post exposure from the relationship between incubation period and dose for RIII mice and C57bl mice using data from titrations of brain material from cases of BSE. The rate of increase of infectivity in the bovine CNS was then estimated, taking into account these tissue infectivity titres, the variability of the brain titre of clinical field cases of BSE, and the probability density of the expected number of months before clinical onset of each infected bovine. The doubling time for CNS was shown to equal 1.2 months. The titre in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was, on average, approximately 1 log units less than CNS, and cervical DRG approximately 0.5 log less than thoracic DRG. The pattern of increase of infectivity in the distal ileum is that of an initial increase up to 14-18 months post exposure, followed by a decrease, which is likely to be highly variable between animals. These results will be informative for future risk assessments of BSE, especially in relation to reviewing current control measures.  相似文献   

Urinary Incontinence in Spayed Bitches: New Insights into the Pathophysiology and Options for Medical Treatment     

S Arnold  M Hubler  I Reichler 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(S2):190-192

  相似文献   

Scrub-itch mite infestation in the endangered bridled nailtail wallaby   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

JM Old  J Lowry  LJ Young 《Australian veterinary journal》2009,87(8):338-341

Skin lesions on the ears and inguinal and axillary regions of a number of adult animals within a captive population of the endangered bridled nailtail wallaby ( Onychogalea fraenata ) were associated with the trombiculid mite, Eutrombicula hirsti . The local inflammatory response of these Australian marsupials is described.  相似文献   

Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol and linoleic acid in fresh lambs by feeding chemically treated dietary supplements containing dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and sunflower oil     

Lee JH  Waller JC  Melton SL  Saxton AM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(2):568-573

The effects of feeding chemically treated dietary supplements (CTDS) containing sunflower oil and dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) on alpha-tocopherol content and fatty acid profile in edible tissues of lambs were estimated. Compared with lambs fed control diet (CD), lambs fed CD plus 250 IU of either TA or CTDS increased serum alpha-tocopherol. The CTDS-fed lambs further increased serum alpha-tocopherol by 29% over those fed CD plus 250 IU of TA. Lambs supplemented with TA or CTDS increased alpha-tocopherol in muscle and adipose tissues as compared with lambs fed CD. The CTDS-fed lambs had higher levels of alpha-tocopherol in gluteus medius (7.55 vs 6.05 mug/g), psoas major (7.43 vs 6.02 mug/g), and subcutaneous fat (12.6 vs 9.98 mug/g) compared with the TA-fed lambs. Feeding lambs CTDS also substantially increased levels of linoleic acid in the adipose tissues while decreasing the content of palmitic and oleic acids.  相似文献   

Cellulose content as a selection trait in breeding for kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla     

Nguyen D. Kien  Tran H. Quang  Gunnar Jansson  Chris Harwood  David Clapham  Sara von Arnold 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(7):711-711

? The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using cellulose content, measured by the diglyme-HCl method, as a selection trait in breeding programs for kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus urophylla.

? A total of 275 trees from sixty-two families were sampled from a thinned progeny trial of E. urophylla in northern Vietnam to evaluate cellulose content from breast-height increment cores. Among those, twenty unrelated trees were felled to evaluate cellulose content and pulp yield from breast-height disk samples.

? The regression of pulp yield of disk samples on cellulose content was strong either from disks (R ² = 0.83) or increment cores (R ² = 0.69). There was no significant difference in cellulose content between the provenances. The narrow-sense within-provenance heritability of cellulose content was 0.50 and the coefficient of additive genetic variation was 3.9%. Genetic correlations between cellulose content and growth (0.28–0.45) or wood basic density (?0.02) were not significantly different from zero.

? Breast-height increment core cellulose content measured by diglyme-HCl method is under strong genetic control and can be used to rank trees for pulp yield in E. urophylla plantations. Selection for increased cellulose content would have only minor effects on growth and wood basic density.

  相似文献