Cross-resistance of horseweed (Conyza canadensis) populations with three different ALS mutations     

Zheng D  Kruger GR  Singh S  Davis VM  Tranel PJ  Weller SC  Johnson WG 《Pest management science》2011,67(12):1486-1492

BACKGROUND: Horseweed is a weed commonly found in agronomic crops, waste areas and roadsides. Resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in horseweed was first reported in 1993 in a population from Israel. Resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in horseweed is now widespread, but, as of now, the resistance mechanism has not been reported. RESULTS: Two of three populations evaluated (P116 and P13) were found to be uniform for resistance (>98% of individuals survived 8.8 g AI ha^?1 of cloransulam), whereas a third population, P525, contained about 85% resistant individuals. Cross‐resistance to cloransulam, chlorimuron, imazethapyr and bispyribac was observed in the P116 population. P525 and P13 were both sensitive to imazethapyr but resistant to chlorimuron, imazethapyr and bispyribac. Enzyme activity assays indicated that resistance in P13 was due to an altered target site. Southern blot analysis indicated that the ALS target site is encoded by a single copy gene. Overlapping ALS gene regions were amplified and sequenced from each population. Amino acid substitutions of Ser for Pro at position 197 (P197S) was detected from P13, Ala for Pro (P197A) was identified from P525 and substitution of Glu for Asp (D376E) at position 376 was found in P116. Molecular markers were developed to differentiate between wild‐type and resistant codons at positions 197 and 376 of horseweed ALS. CONCLUSION: Resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in horseweed is conferred by target‐site mutations that have also been identified in other weed species. Identification of the mutations within horseweed ALS gene sequence enables molecular assays for rapid detection and resistance diagnosis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Antiferromagnetism in Pressure-Amorphized Fe2SiO4     

Kruger MB  Jeanloz R  Pasternak MP  Taylor RD  Snyder BS  Stacy AM  Bohlen SR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,255(5045):703-705

Amorphous Fe(2)SiO(4) synthesized at elevated pressures exhibits a Néel transition at a temperature identical to that observed in the crystalline form, T(N) = 65 (+/-2) kelvin at zero pressure. This behavior contrasts sharply with observations on other disordered systems, such as spin glasses, which characteristically exhibit strong "frustration" of the spins and consequent marked suppression of the Néel transition.  相似文献   

The Nature of the 660-Kilometer Upper-Mantle Seismic Discontinuity from Precursors to the PP Phase   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

CH Estabrook  R Kind 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,274(5290):1179-1182

Global Seismic Network data were used to image upper-mantle seismic discontinuities. Stacks of phases that precede the PP phase, thought to be underside reflections from the upper-mantle discontinuities at depths of 410 and 660 kilometers, show that the reflection from 410 kilometers is present, but the reflection from 660 kilometers is not observed. A continuous Lame's constant lambda and seismic parameter at the 660-kilometer discontinuity explain the missing underside P reflections and lead to a P-wave velocity jump of only 2 percent, whereas the S-wave velocity and density remain unchanged with respect to previous global models. The model deemphasizes the role of Lame's constant lambda with regard to the shear modulus and constrains the mineralogical composition across the discontinuity.  相似文献   

Influence of Varying Dietary Protein Content at Three Lipid Concentrations on Growth Characteristics of Juvenile Swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel 1848)     

D.P. Kruger  P.J. Britz  J. Sales 《Aquarium Sciences and Conservation》2001,3(4):275-280

Three protein levels (30%, 38% and 45%) at three different dietary lipid concentrations (6%, 8% and 12%) were used to formulate nine different diets that were fed for 60 days to 6–8 weeks old juvenile swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri). It would appear that a diet of at least 45% protein at a 6% lipid concentration is needed for the best specific growth rate (1.27% per day) and feed conversion ratio (2.50) at this specific growth phase in X. helleri. No ‘protein sparing effect’ was found when lipid concentration was increased at lower protein levels. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of d‐Penicillamine in Fasted and Nonfasted Dogs     

D.K. Langlois  A.F. Lehner  J.P. Buchweitz  D.E. Ross  M.B. Johnson  J.M. Kruger  M.B. Bailie  J.G Hauptman  W.D Schall 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2013,27(5):1071-1076

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Management and complications associated with treatment of cervical oesophageal perforations in horses     

K. Kruger  J. L. Davis 《Equine Veterinary Education》2013,25(5):247-255

Six horses were evaluated for colic and anorexia, choke or suspected oesophageal rupture with and without tracheal laceration. Clinical findings were variable, but a painful ventral neck swelling was noted in all cases. Two of the horses had signs of dehydration and sepsis. Additional findings included evidence of previous trauma over the trachea and oesophagus, ventral neck abscessation, choke and aspiration pneumonia. A diagnosis of oesophageal perforation was made using endoscopy. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia without treatment. All horses where treatment was attempted received debridement of the oesophageal perforation and surrounding tissues with or without surgical closure of the oesophageal defect. Other therapies included broad spectrum antimicrobials, anti‐inflammatory drugs, fluid and nutritional support as well as additional therapeutics for sepsis and individual complications. Complications included diverticulum formation, thrombophlebitis, diarrhoea, laryngeal hemiplegia, azotaemia, aspiration pneumonia, oesophageal obstruction, weight loss and laminitis. All 4 treated horses recovered from the oesophageal perforation and are able to eat a normal diet. Two of the 4 horses have had infrequent episodes of recurrent choke. Oesophageal rupture should be considered as a differential diagnosis for horses with a painful swelling of the ventral neck. With surgical debridement and adequate supportive care, oesophageal perforation cases can have a fair to good long‐term survival, although chronic complications can occur, therapy is prolonged, and a significant economic commitment is required.  相似文献   

Sources of nutrition in intertidal sea anemones from the south-western Cape,South Africa     

Lisa M. Kruger  Charles L. Griffiths 《African Zoology》2013,48(3):110-119

Respiration rates of seven species of intertidal sea anemones from the south-western Cape, South Africa were measured with and without illumination to determine whether zooxanthellae contributed to their nutritional needs. Light had no significant effect on oxygen exchange in any of the species, suggesting that all are azoox- anthellate. Diets of anemones from two sites, Wooley’s Pool in False Bay and Blouberg on the Atlantic coast some 20 km north of Cape Town, were examined by gut content analysis. Seven species occurred at Wooley’s Pool, but only one (Bunodactis reynaudi) at Blouberg. At Wooley’s Pool 39.4% of anemones contained food, while at Blouberg only 7.4% did so. A wide spectrum of prey taxa were consumed by the various anemone species, although considerable dietary overlap occurred. Pelecypods, gastropods and isopods were ingested by all the species examined. Pelecypods dominated the diet of B. reynaudi at Blouberg (91% occurrence), but were recorded in only 42% of the same species at Wooley’s Pool. The frequency of occurrence of pelecypods in the guts of the other species ranged from 9% (Anthothoe stimpsoni) to 28% (Actinia equina). Gastropods were the main prey items eaten by Anthopleura michaelseni (67% occurrence), Pseudactinia flagellifera (43%) and Pseu- dactinia varia (42%), while isopods were the most frequently occurring constituent in the diets of A. stimpsoni (62%) and Bunodosoma capensis (16%). A. equina was the only species for which insects were a regular part of the diet (26% occurrence). Platyhelminths were found only in the guts of B. capensis (11%); holothurians only in B. reynaudi at Wooley’s Pool (2%), and crinoids only in P. flagellifera (2%). Large quantities of algal material and indigestible debris were also ingested, indicating that sea anemones are non-selective feeders. Cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling techniques revealed four distinct feeding groups among the anemone assemblages. These are characterized as microphagous (A. stimpsoni), generalist (S. capensis and A. equina), mac- rophagous (S. reynaudi at Wooley’s Pool, A. michaelseni, P. flagellifera and P. varia) and specialist bivalve- feeder (B. reynaudi at Blouberg).  相似文献   

Observations on the occurrence of the fish louse Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 in the western Transvaal     

Kruger Ina  J.G. van As  J.E. Saayman 《African Zoology》2013,48(4):408-410

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氮素水平对茶树新梢叶片代谢谱及其昼夜变化的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨亦扬  马立锋  黎星辉  R.George Ratcliffe  Nicholas J.Kruger  阮建云 《茶叶科学》2013,(6):491-499

茶树叶片中含有丰富的代谢产物,氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱是决定茶叶品质的重要成分。本文结合基于1H-核磁共振(1H-NMR)的代谢组学非靶标分析与通过高效液相色谱法进行的定量靶标分析两种方法,比较白天和夜晚所取不同施氮水平的茶树新梢第2叶的代谢产物差异,探讨了基于1H-NMR的代谢组学研究方法应用于茶叶品质成分形成机理研究的可行性。结果表明,白天和夜晚所取茶树新梢第2叶代谢组差异较大,可以显著分离,区分两个样本的主要组分为茶氨酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖,而不同施氮水平下茶树新梢第2叶代谢组没有显著差异。高效液相色谱定量分析的结果表明,施氮水平对主要游离氨基酸组分和儿茶素组分均有影响,且存在昼夜差别。  相似文献   

伪狂犬病病毒吉林分离株感染BHK-21细胞的超微结构变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

初小辉  常灵竹  骆艳秋  贺文琦  陈克研  高丰 《中国兽医学报》2010,30(12)

以猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)吉林分离株PRV-JL感染体外培养的BHK-21细胞为模型,通过透射电镜对PRV的形态发生学和宿主细胞超微结构的动态变化规律进行研究。结果显示,PRV能导致BHK-21细胞圆缩,并发生细胞融合,形成合胞体;电镜观察到的病毒粒子呈球形或椭圆形,成熟的病毒粒子直径大小为140~210 nm,未成熟病毒粒子直径为90~150 nm,多呈中空状,部分呈致密核芯。病毒吸附于细胞后以膜融合的方式进入细胞,在胞核内复制,装配好的病毒粒子以出芽的方式离开细胞核,获得最初的囊膜,进入胞浆;在胞浆内的病毒粒子又利用高尔基体的膜结构合成第2层囊膜,形成完整的病毒粒子;最后包裹有完整病毒粒子的高尔基囊泡与细胞膜发生融合,将病毒粒子释放到细胞外。感染细胞超微结构变化主要表现为:细胞胞浆空泡增多,内质网扩张,线粒体增生、嵴肿胀、脱落,最后空泡化,整个细胞裂解、破碎。  相似文献