Epidemiological studies of pig diseases: 1. Use of French protocols for risk factor assessment to predict the health status of Australian herds     

JR BUDDLE  AR MERCY  SZ SKIRROW  F. MADEC  RR NICHOLLS 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(4):274-281

Objective To determine in Australian pig herds the accuracy of French protocols for risk factor assessment.
Procedure Data on health indicators and risk factors were collected for three syndromes, 'pre-weaning diarrhoea', 'post-weaning diarrhoea' and 'respiratory problems', using the French protocols. The protocols were used on 118 occasions in 32 Western Australian pig herds during 3 years (1988 to 1991).
Results There was a wide variation in pre-weaning performance, for example growth rate was 107 to 273 g/day (< 200 g/day in 33% of herds). Respiratory lesions at weaning were associated with poor pre-weaning performance. Post-weaning (21 days after weaning) growth rate was 114 to 408 g/day (< 250 g/day in 54% of herds). In the grower herds, 91% of herds had pneumonia, and growth rate was 439 to 625 g/day (< 550 g/day in 54% of herds). Pleurisy as well as pneumonia was associated with reduced growth rate. The risk factor most closely associated with respiratory health status was air volume per pig.
Conclusion Risk factors were most accurate at predicting the health status in post-weaning problems. A weaning weight of at least 7.9 kg and weaning age of 30 days optimised weaner performance. Stocking densities and shed designs providing at least 3 m³ air volume and 0.6 m² floor space per pig throughout the growing phase should be considered for an improved respiratory health status. Australian pig sheds often do not provide a satisfactory environment for optimum health. The technique of risk factor assessment as an aid to the maintenance of health in pig herds is applicable in Australia, but further research is necessary to determine the most important Australian risk factors.  相似文献   

Coliform myositis in a calf     

L L Wallace  B Fagin  D Schmidt  W H Fales 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,197(11):1487-1488

Coliform myositis was diagnosed in a young calf with signs of pain, swelling, and edema of the right hind limb. Diagnostic methods included bacteriologic culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The organism isolated was a gas-producing Escherichia coli. The infection responded to administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine, to which the organism was susceptible in vitro.  相似文献   

Utility pole decay — Part I: Appraisal of a device for nondestructive detection of decay     

Wallace E. Eslyn 《Wood Science and Technology》1968,2(2):128-137

Summary A device that measures the resistance of wood to forceable penetration by a needle was appraised for use as a nondestructive means of detecting internal decay in utility poles. Because of the length and shape of the needle, detection of decay was limited to decay pockets within 6 cm of the wood surface and to pockets with a minimum diameter of 1 cm. Decay pockets of this location and size were detected in Douglas-fir, southern pine, and western redcedar. The device accurately detected decay in an advanced stage in 93% of the specimens; intermediate decay, in 44%; and sound wood, in 100%.The depth of the sound shell that overlaid rot pockets could be accurately determined. There was a tendency to overestimate the depth of the sound wood by about 0.75 cm in comparatively dry woods and by about 0.25 cm in the same woods after wetting to moisture contents more like those in decayed poles in service.The device will be useful to pole inspectors for locating seriously rotted poles because by determining the extent of sound shell, they can then decide when pole replacements are needed.

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Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung dient der Überprüfung eines Gerätes, das den Widerstand des Holzes gegen das Eindringen einer Nadel mißt. Damit soll auf zerstörungsfreiem Wege etwaige Fäulnis in stehenden Leitungsmasten festgestellt werden. Länge und Form der Prüfnadel begrenzen die Prüfungen auf Fehlerstellen, die bis höchstens 60 mm in die Tiefe reichen und nicht kleiner als 10 mm im Durchmesser sind. Faulstellen dieser Art wurden in Masten aus Douglas-fir, Southern pine und Western red cedar festgestellt. Die Vorrichtung zeigte sehr genau bei 93% der Proben fortgeschrittene Fäulnis an, bei 44% der Proben beginnende Fäulnis und bei 100% aller Proben gesundes Holz.Die Dicke des noch vorhandenen gesunden Holzes über der Faulstelle konnte genau ermittelt werden. Es zeigte sich eine gewisse Tendenz zu Fehlmessungen um rd. 7,5 mm bei verhältnismäßig trockenem Holz und um 2,5 mm, nachdem dasselbe Holz etwas stärker angefeuchtet worden war, als dies gewöhnlich bei befallenen Masten der Fall ist.Das Gerät wird vor allem für die Inspektion von stehenden Masten nützlich sein, die Befall aufweisen, wobei die Bestimmung des noch gesunden Holzanteils einen Anhaltspunkt dafür liefert, wann ein befallener Mast ausgewechselt werden muß.

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This work was done cooperatively with the Navy Department, Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

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The author is indebted to Dr. Wolman G.m.b.H., Sinzheim bei Baden-Baden, Germany, for loan of the needle-penetration device, and Messrs. Robert Graham and John Mothershead, Oregon Forest Products Laboratory, Corvallis, Oreg., and Floyd Hand, Bonneville Power Administration, for supplying the pole sections.  相似文献   

Phenological patterns in a southern Amazonian tropical forest: implications for sustainable management     

Robert B. Wallace  R. Lilian E. Painter   《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,160(1-3):19-33

Phenological transects were employed to assess monthly leaf, flower, unripe fruit and ripe fruit abundance for a total of 1732 individual plants within five tropical forest habitats at the ‘Lago Caiman Research Camp’, Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, northeastern Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia. Fruit surveys along trails were conducted concomitantly to assess fruit availability for the resident terrestrial frugivore community. The results of the two methodologies are compared and discussed with respect to wildlife and forest management in the region. Phenological transects revealed that Cerrado forest, tall forest, low vine forest, Sartenejal (swamp) forest, and pied mont (premontane) forest, showed seasonal variations in flower, unripe fruit and ripe fruit abundance, however, the broad temporal patterns were significantly different across habitats. Seasonal variation in overall foliage abundance was only marked for Cerrado forest. Ripe fruit production within the study site was not significantly different across months, with different habitats peaking asynchronously in abundance. From a frugivory perspective, overall ripe fleshy fruit abundance also varied considerably between habitats, and again showed asynchronous peaks in habitat production. However, both methodologies revealed the early dry season (June–July) as a period of ripe fleshy fruit scarcity throughout the study area. This period represents a resource ‘bottleneck’ for the resident frugivore community and phenological results allowed the identification of a number of keystone fruit resources for the region. Furthermore, fruit resources which are super-abundant in the early–mid wet season (November–February) might also be considered keystone resources for the region, given that they are available in an otherwise fruit scarce forest. The dynamic spatial patterning of fruit availability at Lago Caiman suggests that certain habitats might be considered keystone habitats, since they provide the majority of fruit resources on a seasonal basis. Finally, the potential of phenological information in tropical forest management plans is discussed and underlined by the observation that rainfall in itself fails to predict fruit availability in the dominant habitats at Lago Caiman.  相似文献   

Effect of Relaxin on Fertility Parameters of Frozen–Thawed Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Sperm          下载免费PDF全文

AR Elkhawagah  V Longobardi  G Neglia  A Salzano  G Zullo  GA Sosa  G Campanile  B Gasparrini 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(5):756-762

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of relaxin on fertility parameters of buffalo frozen/thawed sperm. Sperm were incubated in the absence of capacitating agents (negative control), with a known capacitating agent such as heparin (positive control) and with 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin for 2 and 4 h. Sperm viability, motility, capacitation and the effect of relaxin on the fertilizing ability after heterologous IVF were evaluated. Although viability was not affected, relaxin increased (p < 0.05) sperm motility compared to the negative and positive controls both after 2 h (60.0 ± 2.0, 60.0 ± 3.1, 68.3 ± 1.7 and 69.4 ± 2.7, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and 4 h (55.0 ± 2.5, 53.3 ± 3.0, 62.2 ± 3.0 and 65.0 ± 3.2, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin) incubation. When sperm were incubated with both 100 ng/ml relaxin and heparin, a decrease (p < 0.01) of pattern A, that is low capacitation level, was observed compared to the negative control both after 2 h (54.4, 34.3 and 36.4%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and 4 h (51.9, 35.0 and 34.3%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin). Moreover, an increase (p < 0.01) of pattern EA, that is high capacitation level, was recorded with 100 ng/ml relaxin and heparin compared to the negative control both after 2 h (44.1, 59.3 and 57.7%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin) and after 4 h (43.0, 54.4 and 56.0%, respectively, in negative control, positive control and 100 ng/ml relaxin). Finally, relaxin increased (p < 0.01) cleavage rate compared to the negative control (57.1 ± 4.4, 72.5 ± 6.0, 71.4 ± 5.5 and 73.6 ± 2.9, respectively, in negative control, positive control, 50 and 100 ng/ml relaxin). In conclusion, relaxin has a beneficial effect on motility, capacitation and fertilizing ability of frozen–thawed buffalo sperm.  相似文献   

Morphometry,Morphology and Ultrastructure of Ring‐tailed Coati Sperm (Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766)          下载免费PDF全文

HVR Silva  FF Magalhães  LR Ribeiro  ALP Souza  CIA Freitas  MF de Oliveira  AR Silva  LDM Silva 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2015,50(6):945-951

The ring‐tailed coati (Nasua nasua) is a procyonid whose population is in sharp decline. Therefore, studies are needed to better understand the reproduction of this animal. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the morphology, morphometry and sperm ultrastructure of ring‐tailed coati sperm. Four captive adult males were used for this study. Slides stained with Bengal Rose were used for the morphometric and morphologic analyses. The length and width of the head were measured, as well as the length of the midpiece and tail and the total length of the sperm. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used for the ultrastructural analyses. The most obvious morphological abnormalities observed were coiled tails (6.1 ± 8.7%) and the lack of acrosomes (5.4 ± 4.4%). Regarding the morphometry, the measurements of the head (length × width), midpiece (length) and tail (length) were (mean ± SD) 6.2 ± 0.4 × 8.1 ± 0.6 μm, 14.1 ± 0.5 and 63.9 ± 4.1 μm, respectively, and the total length of the sperm was 86.1 ± 4.3 μm. Through electron microscopy, the presence of electron‐lucent points in the nucleus and the presence of approximately 55 mitochondrial spirals in the midpiece were identified. The data obtained in this study provide detailed information on the sperm characteristics of coatis and may inform future research on germplasm conservation, both for this species and other threatened procyonids.  相似文献   

Identification and characterization of genes that control fat deposition in chickens     

Hirwa Claire D’Andre  Wallace Paul  Xu Shen  Xinzheng Jia  Rong Zhang  Liang Sun  Xiquan Zhang 《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2014,5(1):22-37

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A Large‐scale,Rapid Public Health Response to Rabies in an Organ Recipient and the Previously Undiagnosed Organ Donor     

R. M. Wallace  D. Stanek  S. Griese  D. Krulak  N. M. Vora  L. Pacha  V. Kan  M. Said  C. Williams  T. H. Burgess  S. S. Clausen  C. Austin  J. Gabel  M. Lehman  L. N. Finelli  G. Selvaggi  P. Joyce  F. Gordin  D. Benator  A. Bettano  S. Cersovsky  C. Blackmore  S. V. Jones  B. D. Buchanan  A. I. Fernandez  D. Dinelli  K. Agnes  A. Clark  J. Gill  M. Irmler  D. Blythe  K. Mitchell  T. J. Whitman  M. J. Zapor  S. Zorich  C. Witkop  P. Jenkins  P. Mora  D. Droller  S. Turner  L. Dunn  P. Williams  C. Richards  G. Ewing  K. Chapman  C. Corbitt  T. Girimont  R. Franka  S. Recuenco  J. D. Blanton  K. A. Feldman 《Zoonoses and public health》2014,61(8):560-570

This article describes and contrasts the public health response to two human rabies cases: one organ recipient diagnosed within days of symptom onset and the transplant donor who was diagnosed 18 months post‐symptom onset. In response to an organ‐transplant‐related rabies case diagnosed in 2013, organ donor and recipient investigations were conducted by multiple public health agencies. Persons with potential exposure to infectious patient materials were assessed for rabies virus exposure. An exposure investigation was conducted to determine the source of the organ donor's infection. Over 100 persons from more than 20 agencies spent over 2700 h conducting contact investigations in healthcare, military and community settings. The 564 persons assessed include 417 healthcare workers [5.8% recommended for post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP)], 96 community contacts (15.6% recommended for PEP), 30 autopsy personnel (50% recommended for PEP), and 21 other persons (4.8% recommended for PEP). Donor contacts represented 188 assessed with 20.2% recommended for PEP, compared with 5.6% of 306 recipient contacts recommended for PEP. Human rabies cases result in substantial use of public health and medical resources, especially when diagnosis is delayed. Although rare, clinicians should consider rabies in cases of encephalitis of unexplained aetiology, particularly for cases that may result in organ donation.  相似文献   

Growth rates of different populations of the edible mussel, Mytilus edulis, in north Norway     

Jeff C. Wallace 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1980,19(4):303-311

Populations of Mytilus edulis which were attached to the floats supporting the fish cages at the University of Tromsø's former experimental fish farm were found to have grown at a relatively high rate, and almost continuously. In contrast, mussels taken from other populations in the area which were not in the vicinity of any fish farm had grown more slowly and had marked growth-stoppage rings, probably laid down in winter. Mussels samples from a second fish farm in the area had grown at a rate similar to those from the University's fish farm. Possible reasons for the differences in growth rates among the populations sampled are discussed with reference to the possibilities of mussel farming in north Norway.  相似文献   

Hepatic myelolipoma incarcerated in a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia in a cat     

RM Wouda  MD Chalkley  AR Fraser  PAE Moses 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(6):231-235

Hepatic myelolipoma incarcerated in a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed in an 11-year-old, desexed female Persian cat. The cat was initially referred for investigation of tachypnoea and dyspnoea. Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a common incidental finding in cats and is usually asymptomatic. Myelolipoma is an extremely rare benign tumour, composed of extramedullary haematopoietic cells and adipose tissue. Myelolipomas are hypothesised to result from metaplastic alteration, rather than a neoplastic process, although this theory cannot be substantiated. The present case is only the fourth report of such an unusual occurrence in cats and displays significant differences to previous reports. Hepatic entrapment and burgeoning of the mass within the pericardial sac resulted in cardiac tamponade and overt signs of right-sided cardiac failure. Surgical intervention was successful and despite concerns regarding the cat's clinical presentation and the gross appearance of the lesion(s), a good long-term outcome is anticipated.  相似文献