Short‐time clay‐mineral evolution in a soil chronosequence in Oléron Island (France)     

Laurent Caner  Emmanuel Joussein  Sébastien Salvador‐Blanes  Fabien Hubert  Jean‐Frédéric Schlicht  Nelly Duigou 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(4):591-600

Major weathering sequences in soils are well established; however, knowledge on rates of mineral transformations remains unknown, because it is often difficult to date precisely soil processes. This work was carried out on soils developed on recent (< 188 y) sand dunes on the W coast of Oléron Island (France). The coast has been protected against marine and wind erosion by constructing five consecutives barriers close to the coastline since 1820 (1820, 1864, 1876, 1889, 1948) defining the maximum age of the soil parent material, as before the areas between the barriers were under water. Soils on the older dunes have low clay content (> 94% of sand) and exhibit a bleached E horizon that overlies a yellowish brown B horizon. The process responsible for their formation is podzolization promoted by the high permeability of the material and complexing organic matter produced by coniferous vegetation. Initial mineralogy of C horizons is homogenous and constituted of chlorite, illite, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and kaolinite, quartz, calcite (≈ 8% related to shell fragments), and feldspars. The initial clay‐mineral assemblage of the E horizons is dominated by illite (well‐crystallized WCI and poorly crystallized PCI) and chlorite. With progressive podzolization, poorly crystallized illite is first transformed to illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals and in a further step into smectite. In addition, transformation of well‐crystallized illite leads to formation of ordered illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals in the E horizons, which is not commonly described in soils. In the B horizons, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals are present with traces of smectite, as well as Al and Fe oxi‐hydroxides as revealed by DCB and oxalate chemical extractions. This chronosequence illustrates that over short distances and short time (< 188 y) intense mineral weathering and soil development occur. Major clay‐mineral changes occur between 132 and 188 y in agreement with development of the pine forest producing acidic litter.  相似文献   

Bluetongue virus antibodies in wild red deer in southern Belgium     

Linden A  Mousset B  Grégoire F  Hanrez D  Vandenbussche F  Vandemeulebroucke E  Vanbinst T  Verheyden B  de Clerck K 《The Veterinary record》2008,162(14):459

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Sexual dimorphism in limb long bones of the German Shepherd Dog     

Fabien Belhaoues  Sabine Breit  Gerhard Forstenpointner  Armelle Gardeisen 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2020,49(4):464-477

The study of sexual dimorphism in dog anatomy, especially with regard to skeletal elements, has received little attention. The present work focuses on elements of the canine stylo- and zeugopodium, less documented than the skull or pelvis in the literature. In order to identify only sex-dependent effects, we analysed a single breed: the German Shepherd Dog. Data come from 25 dogs, with a balanced sex ratio (12 males and 13 females). Four skeletal elements of the forelimb and hindlimb (humerus, radius, femur, tibia) were each measured using seven linear morphometric variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed on these 28 variables. For all measurements, males are on average larger than females, with a mean sexual dimorphism ratio of 1.07. Sexual dimorphism is significant for 92.8% of the variables. Except of femoral measurements, diaphyseal values show the highest grade of sexual dimorphism. The mean level of disparity is higher in the forelimb (1.08) than in the hindlimb (1.05). A significant dimorphism is shown for the first component of principal component analyses conducted on each skeletal element, and for the second component with humerus measurements. Discriminant functions for sex identification give success rates included between 82% for the radius and 93% for the femur, the latter providing the highest reported score for sex identification in dogs from any skeletal element. These complementary statistic methods highlight a more dimorphic forelimb in size and a more dimorphic hindlimb in shape.  相似文献   

Experimental evolution of reduced sex ratio adjustment under local mate competition     

Macke E  Magalhães S  Bach F  Olivieri I 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6059):1127-1129

Theory predicts that local mate competition (LMC) favors the evolution of female-biased sex ratios. Empirical support of this prediction is indirect and comes from comparative studies or from studies showing that individuals can adjust their offspring sex ratio in response to varying LMC intensities. Replicate lines from a population of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae were selected under three LMC intensities for up to 54 generations. Within each selection regime, the final sex ratio matched theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the ability of individuals to adjust their offspring sex ratio diminished in females evolving under strict LMC, but not in females evolving under relaxed LMC levels. These results provide direct experimental evidence for the evolutionary process by which LMC modifies sex-allocation strategies and suggest that evolution under strict and constant LMC may lead to a loss of phenotypic plasticity.  相似文献   

Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation across European landscapes in three temperate forest herbs     

Naaf  Tobias  Feigs  Jannis Till  Huang  Siyu  Brunet  Jörg  Cousins  Sara A. O.  Decocq  Guillaume  De Frenne  Pieter  Diekmann  Martin  Govaert  Sanne  Hedwall  Per-Ola  Helsen  Kenny  Lenoir  Jonathan  Liira  Jaan  Meeussen  Camille  Plue  Jan  Poli  Pedro  Spicher  Fabien  Vangansbeke  Pieter  Vanneste  Thomas  Verheyen  Kris  Holzhauer  Stephanie I. J.  Kramp  Katja 《Landscape Ecology》2021,36(10):2831-2848

Landscape Ecology - Evidence for effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on the viability of temperate forest herb populations in agricultural landscapes is so far based on population genetic...  相似文献   

First chemical synthesis and in vitro characterization of the potential human metabolites 5-o-feruloylquinic acid 4'-sulfate and 4'-O-glucuronide     

Menozzi-Smarrito C  Wong CC  Meinl W  Glatt H  Fumeaux R  Munari C  Robert F  Williamson G  Barron D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(10):5671-5676

Feruloylquinic acids are a major class of biologically active phenolic antioxidants in coffee beans, but their metabolic fate is poorly understood. The present study investigated the phase II metabolism of feruloylquinic acids with selected human sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and SULT1E1) and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A1 and UGT1A9). For unequivocal metabolite identification, the chemical synthesis of two potential human metabolites of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, the 4'-sulfated and 4'-O-glucuronidated conjugates, has been performed for the first time. Following incubation with human SULT1A1 or SULT1E1, formation of 5-O-feruloylquinic acid 4'-O-sulfate was confirmed by matching its HPLC and MS data with those of the authentic standard. On the other hand, no glucuronide conjugates were detected after incubation with human uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronosyltransferases. These results suggest that sulfation can take place on the ferulic acid moiety of feruloylquinic acids and may be a major metabolic pathway for feruloylquinic acids in humans.  相似文献   

旋毛虫新生幼虫差减cDNA文库的构建及其步筛选   总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3  

刘明远  黎诚耀  吴秀萍  J F Fabien  付宝权  C Trap  卢强  张西臣  P Boireau 《中国兽医学报》2001,21(4):355-358

利用差减杂交（减法杂交，subtractive hybridization)技术，以旋毛虫新生幼虫（newborn larvae,NBL)的cDNA作为试验方（tester)，以肌幼虫＋成虫的cDNA作为驱动方（driver)，制备新生幼虫差减cDNA,利用T载体构建NBL差减cDNA文库，获克隆株90个，以试验方的差减cDNA第2次PCR产物＋未差减cDNA为试验方探针，以驱动方的差减cDNA第2次PCR产物＋未差减cDNA为驱动方探针，在NBL差减cDNA文库中初筛NBL的期特异性克隆，获初筛克隆24个。这些初筛斯异性克隆进一步用Southern blot确认鉴定，获直阳性期特异性克隆2个（NBL SSC1，NBL SSC2）.DNASIS以及Blaster的分析结果显示，这2个克隆为旋毛虫的2个新基因，其中NBL SSC1编码糖蛋白，NBL SSC2编码丝氨本蛋白酶，本试验为旋毛虫期特异性基困全长序列的调取，分析，鉴定以及强保护性抗原基因的筛选奠定了基础。  相似文献   

A pmp genes-based PCR as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of avian chlamydiosis     

Laroucau K  Trichereau A  Vorimore F  Mahé AM 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,121(1-2):150-157

In a previous study we described the use of a new set of PCR primers (CpsiA/CpsiB) specific of the conserved pmp-family genes of Chlamydophila abortus as an efficient tool for the detection of these bacteria in ruminants including also preliminary results on avian strains. In this work, the use of this set of primers was extended to representative strains of the six major avian serovars (serovars A-F) and to field isolates of C. psittaci. For all the studied representative strains, using purified genomic DNA as a template, CpsiA/CpsiB primers allowed, as observed for C. abortus, a minimal 10-fold PCR signal increase compared to the one observed with ompA specific primers. In comparison to primers targeting the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, similar or increased sensitivity was observed depending on the strain. All the field isolates were amplified with CpsiA/CpsiB primers. On clinical samples, our primers are the best among those tested for detection of C. psittaci by simple conventional PCR. RFLP experiments performed using PCR fragments amplified with the CpsiA/CpsiB primers gave promising results demonstrating that these primers may provide an interesting tool for molecular typing when the bacterium cannot be grown from pathological samples.  相似文献   

Developmental Competence and Embryo Quality of Small Oocytes from Pre‐pubertal Goats Cultured in IVM Medium Supplemented with Low Level of Hormones,Insulin–Transferrin–Selenium and Ascorbic Acid     

S Hammami  R Morató  R Romaguera  M Roura  MG Catalá  MT Paramio  T Mogas  D Izquierdo 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2013,48(2):339-344

The aim of this study was to test the effect of insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS) and L‐ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation and the hormonal level during in vitro maturation (IVM) of small oocytes from pre‐pubertal goat on the blastocyst yield and quality. Concretely, we used four maturation media: conventional IVM medium (CM), growth medium (GM: CM+ITS+AA and low level of hormones), modified CM (mCM: CM with low level of hormones) and modified GM (mGM: CM+ITS+AA and normal level of hormones). Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were classified into two categories according to oocyte diameter: <125 μm and ≥125 μm. Large oocytes were matured 24 h in CM (Treatment A). Small oocytes were matured randomly in six experimental groups: Treatment B: 24 h in CM; Treatment C: 12 h in GM and 12 h in CM; Treatment D: 24 h in mGM; Treatment E: 12 h in mGM and 12 h in CM; Treatment F: 12 h in mCM and 12 h in CM; and Treatment G: 12 h in GM and 12 h in mGM. After IVM, oocytes were fertilized and cultured for 8 days. The blastocyst quality was assessed by the survival following vitrification/warming and the mean cell number. When different maturation media were combined, the blastocyst rate did not improve. The large oocytes produced the highest blastocysts yield. However, the culture of small oocytes in GM (53.3%) enhanced the post‐warming survival of blastocysts compared to large oocytes matured in CM (35.7%). In conclusion, IVM of pre‐pubertal goat small oocytes in GM would be useful to improve the quality of in vitro‐produced blastocysts.  相似文献   

Breeding for increased nitrogen‐use efficiency: a review for wheat (T. aestivum L.)          下载免费PDF全文

Fabien Cormier  John Foulkes  Bertrand Hirel  David Gouache  Yvan Moënne‐Loccoz  Jacques Le Gouis 《Plant Breeding》2016,135(3):255-278

Nitrogen fertilizer is the most used nutrient source in modern agriculture and represents significant environmental and production costs. In the meantime, the demand for grain increases and production per area has to increase as new cultivated areas are scarce. In this context, breeding for an efficient use of nitrogen became a major objective. In wheat, nitrogen is required to maintain a photosynthetically active canopy ensuring grain yield and to produce grain storage proteins that are generally needed to maintain a high end‐use quality. This review presents current knowledge of physiological, metabolic and genetic factors influencing nitrogen uptake and utilization in the context of different nitrogen management systems. This includes the role of root system and its interactions with microorganisms, nitrate assimilation and its relationship with photosynthesis as postanthesis remobilization and nitrogen partitioning. Regarding nitrogen‐use efficiency complexity, several physiological avenues for increasing it were discussed and their phenotyping methods were reviewed. Phenotypic and molecular breeding strategies were also reviewed and discussed regarding nitrogen regimes and genetic diversity.  相似文献