Effect of six decades of selective breeding on soybean protein composition and quality: a biochemical and molecular analysis     

Mahmoud AA  Natarajan SS  Bennett JO  Mawhinney TP  Wiebold WJ  Krishnan HB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(11):3916-3922

To evaluate the extent of the genetic change and its effects on the seed protein composition of soybean cultivars released during the past 60 years, representative ancestral cultivars and those derived from selective breeding were grown in a side-by-side comparison. Total seed protein content, determined by combustion analysis of nitrogen, revealed a decline in the protein content after decades of selection and breeding. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis comparison of protein profiles of the soybean cultivars indicated that relative expression of most of the seed storage proteins had not varied substantially from the ancestral lines to the present commercial cultivars. There was noticeably less beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin, a protein devoid of sulfur amino acids, in the modern cultivars represented by Mustang, Pioneer 93B09, and Asgrow 3602. Comparison of the amino acid profiles of soybean seed, a benchmark of the protein's nutritional quality, revealed that the ancestral progenitor, G. soja, was significantly higher in cysteine, glutamic acid, histidine, and arginine than either the ancestral or the modern cultivars. Selective breeding over the past 60 years minimally affected the overall amino acid composition. The degree of divergence in the DNA sequence of the genes encoding glycinin and beta-conglycinin in the ancestral and modern cultivars was investigated using Southern hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. Even though some restriction fragment polymorphisms could be detected, overall, the banding patterns were remarkably similar among the ancestral cultivars and those derived from them, suggesting a high degree of conservation of seed-storage protein genes. The results of our study suggest that selection and breeding for yield during the past 60 years had no major influence on the protein composition, ostensibly because of limited genetic diversity among the parental lines.  相似文献   

Isolation and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose of Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) in tropical islands of Andaman and Nicobar, India     

Krishna Kumar  D. R. Singh  Natarajan Amaresan  Kuttum Madhuri 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(5):485-491

This study identifies the Colletotrichum spp. which cause Morinda anthracnose in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. A survey of Indian mulberry plantations was carried out to ascertain the identity of isolates associated with Morinda anthracnose. These were identified as C. gloeosporioides based on morphology and sequencing analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, demonstrating that this species is currently the causal agent of Morinda anthracnose in a tropical ecosystem. The pathogenicity test of C. gloeosporioides isolates on Morinda seedlings for 1?month revealed that the five isolates MC1, MC8, MC2 (1), MC4 and MC12 were pathogenic to the respective host with different levels of anthracnose lesion.  相似文献   

Biophysical and socio‐economic causes for increasing fallow land in Tamil Nadu          下载免费PDF全文

S. Dharumarajan  M. Lalitha  A. Natarajan  L. G. K. Naidu  R. Balasubramanian  R. Hegde  R. Vasundhara  K. S. Anil Kumar  S. K. Singh 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(3):487-498

The question of increasing fallow land assumes significance at national and international levels due to the decline in net cultivated area and increasing population. Biophysical characteristics of farmland and socio‐economic conditions of farmers are responsible for the increasing fallow. This study was carried out to assess the extent of permanent fallow and identify causes for its increase. High‐resolution remote sensing data were used to identify fallow land in two identified blocks of south India, viz. Nanguneri and Kangeyam. The land resources were characterized, and the specific biophysical and socio‐economic factors responsible for the increasing fallow land were assessed. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to identify the factors responsible for increasing fallows. Soil parameters such as erosion, soil texture, soil depth and available nitrogen contributed significantly (P > 0.05) to the increase in fallow land. The size of farm holding, number of farm fragments, distance from the road in Nanguneri and farm size and the distance to the nearest town in Kangeyam were socio‐economic factors that had a strong effect (P > 0.01) on increasing the fallow land. Variable importance rankings in random forest analysis indicated that soil erosion and soil pH had the largest impact on the decision to fallow land in Nanguneri and Kangeyam blocks, respectively. Based on biophysical and socio‐economic constraints, the land resources of fallow land were evaluated for other alternate land use options and policy measures were suggested.  相似文献   

Retrospective comparison of costs between medical and surgical treatment of canine pyothorax     

Jonathan F. Bach  Anusha Balakrishnan 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2015,56(11):1140-1143

This study compared costs of treating dogs with pyothorax medically versus surgically. Medical records from the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine were searched for cases of pyothorax that underwent either medical or surgical treatment. Patients undergoing surgery were subdivided into early (ES; < 48 h) and late (LS; > 48 h) surgery groups. Costs and length of stay were compared between treatment groups. Treatment costs were adjusted for inflation. Nineteen dogs were included in analysis; 7 in the medical group (MG), 5 in the ES group, and 7 in the LS group. Total costs were significantly lower in the MG than in the LS group. Total costs were less for the MG than the ES group, and for ES than LS, but the differences did not achieve significance. Preoperative costs were higher in the LS than the ES group. We conclude that surgery for canine pyothorax is less costly if pursued earlier than later.  相似文献   

Ozone and temperature trends associated with the 11-year solar cycle     

Callis LB  Natarajan M  Nealy JE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,204(4399):1303-1306

Evidence is presented which suggests that trends in the ozone concentration and stratospheric temperature, reported between the early 1960's and 1976, are to a large extent due to solar ultraviolet flux variability associated with the 11-year solar cycle. Radiative-convective-photochemical simulations of ozone and temperature variations have been made with a solar ultraviolet flux variability model. Results for temperatures and ozone concentrations, when compared with published data, show good agreement.  相似文献   

Kounis Syndrome Following Hypnale zara (Hump-Nosed Pit Viper) Bite in Sri Lanka     

R.M.M.K. Namal Rathnayaka  P.E. Anusha Nishanthi Ranathunga  S.A.M. Kularatne 《The Forestry Chronicle》2021,32(2):210-216

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Updates on Pulmonary Function Testing in Small Animals     

Anusha Balakrishnan  Lesley G. King 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2014

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Imbibition of soybean seeds in warm water results in the release of copious amounts of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor, a putative anticarcinogenic agent     

Palavalli MH  Natarajan SS  Wang TT  Krishnan HB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(12):3135-3143

Protease inhibitors play a protective role against pathogenic microorganisms and herbivorous insects. The two predominant protease inhibitors of soybean seeds are the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI). In this study, we report that soybean seeds incubated in warm water release large amounts of proteins into the surrounding media. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the seed exudates resulted in the separation of 93 distinct protein spots out of which 90 spots were identified by LC-MS/MS. The basic 7S globulin and the BBI are the two predominant proteins found in the soybean seed exudates. In addition to 7S and 11S seed storage proteins, others known to protect the seeds against pathogens and pests including KTI, peroxidase, α-galactosidase, and endo-1.3-β-glucanase were also identified in the seed exudates. Soybean seed exudate obtained by incubating the seeds in warm water was also able to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Since soybean seeds release large amounts of enzymatically active BBI when immersed in warm water, our procedure could be exploited as a simplified alternative method for the preparation of BBI concentrate which is being used as a cancer chemoprotective agent.  相似文献   

Viral infections in cultured fish and shrimps: current status and treatment methods     

Mondal  Haimanti  Chandrasekaran  Natarajan  Mukherjee  Amitava  Thomas  John 《Aquaculture International》2022,30(1):227-262

Aquaculture is growing post-haste in recent years particularly in the fish and shrimp production. The rapid growth of aquaculture and increasing demand for fish have led to a rapid development of the fish and shrimp industry, resulting in increased production of both fish and shrimps. As a result, there is a greater risk of disease outbreaks. Mass mortalities in aquaculture are primarily due to infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Among them, viral diseases are the most devastating, causing huge loss in the production of both cultured fish and shellfishes. There are several effective methods of treatment for these disease outbreaks. This review focuses on various methods of controlling the viral pathogens using various treatment methods like use of medicinal plants and seaweed extracts, bioactive compounds from actinomycetes, vaccines, probiotic microbes, chemicals, nanoparticles, and green synthesis of nanoparticles.

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Management of Urinary Tract Emergencies in Small Animals     

Anusha BalakrishnanKenneth J. Drobatz  DVM  MSCE 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2013

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