岩溶流域典型农业区水体氢氧同位素的空间异质性及形成机制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张金  韩志伟  吴攀  田永著  赵然  罗广飞 《中国农村水利水电》2021,(3)

分别于平水期和枯水期采集了花溪河流域典型农业区地表水和地下水样品。利用氢氧同位素示踪技术,结合土地利用类型对研究区不同水体的补给来源、季节变化及主要影响过程进行了分析,并对不同水体氢氧同位素值进行了空间插值分析,同时对其形成机制进行了分析,阐明了不同土地利用类型影响下的主要水文过程。结果表明:(1)研究区不同水体的主要补给来源为当地大气降水,月亮湖水库受蒸发作用影响明显,地表水和地下水的δD和δ~(18)O整体上呈现平水期高于枯水期的特征。(2)地下水的δD和δ~(18)O在枯水期与平水期均呈现明显的空间分异性特征,西部水田/水库集中区富集,东部旱地集中区贫化,土地利用对研究区环境水文过程影响明显。该研究结果有助于了解不同土地利用方式下地表水对地下水的影响,为流域管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Exogenous application of allelopathic water extracts helps improving tolerance against terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Em. Thell.)          下载免费PDF全文

M. Farooq  F. Nadeem  M. Y. Arfat  M. Nabeel  S. Musadaq  S. A. Cheema  A. Nawaz 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2018,204(3):298-312

The allelopathic water extracts (AWEs) may help improve the tolerance of crop plants against abiotic stresses owing to the presence of the secondary metabolites (i.e., allelochemicals). We conducted four independent experiments to evaluate the influence of exogenous application of AWEs (applied through seed priming or foliage spray) in improving the terminal heat and drought tolerance in bread wheat. In all the experiments, two wheat cultivars, viz. Mairaj‐2008 (drought and heat tolerant) and Faisalabad‐2008 (drought and heat sensitive), were raised in pots. Both wheat cultivars were raised under ambient conditions in the wire house till leaf boot stage (booting) by maintaining the pots at 75% water‐holding capacity (WHC). Then, managed drought and heat stresses were imposed by maintaining the pots at 35% WHC, or shifting the pots inside the glass canopies (at 75% WHC), at booting, anthesis and the grain filling stages. Drought stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 39%–49%. Foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield of wheat by 26%–31%, while seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 18%–26%, respectively, than drought stress. Terminal heat stress reduced the grain yield of wheat by 38%. Seed priming with AWEs improved the grain yield by 21%–27%; while foliar application of AWEs improved the grain yield by 25%–29% than the heat stress treatment. In conclusion, the exogenous application of AWEs improved the stay green, accumulation of proline, soluble phenolics and glycine betaine, which helped to stabilize the biological membranes and improved the tolerance against terminal drought and heat stresses.  相似文献   

基质栽培番茄营养液中氮、钾最佳浓度研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王军伟  黄科  毛舒香  徐浩然  吴秋云 《植物营养与肥料学报》2019,25(11):2019-2028

【目的】合理的氮、钾养分供给是提高番茄生长及果实品质的重要措施，本文研究了滴灌营养液中不同的氮、钾养分供给水平对基质栽培番茄生长及果实品质的影响，为优化基质栽培番茄的营养液配方，确定最佳的氮、钾养分浓度，实现养分供给的精量化管理提供科学依据。【方法】以沙∶珍珠岩比例为1∶2配置栽培基质，用于温室中番茄栽培，以番茄‘A20’为试材，进行了水培试验。采用2因素 (氮、钾) 5水平响应面中心复合设计，滴灌营养液中氮浓度的基础值为244 mg/L，试验设计步长为120 mg/L；钾浓度的基础值为313 mg/L，试验设计步长为150 mg/L。调查了番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株产量、果实可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比、维生素C含量和番茄红素含量。【结果】随着滴管液中氮浓度从74 mg/L增加到414 mg/L，番茄产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率、果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、番茄红素含量和果实维生素C含量均呈先增后减的趋势。随着营养液中钾浓度从101 mg/L增加到525 mg/L，果实可溶性糖含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量持续增加，番茄产量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、番茄红素含量均先增后减。此外，通过建立各指标与氮钾二因子的二次回归方程发现，氮素是叶绿素含量、净光合速率和单株产量的主要影响因子，钾素是果实可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、维生素C和番茄红素含量的主要影响因子。氮、钾互作显著影响番茄产量和叶片叶绿素含量；充足的钾营养供给可以促进植株对氮素的吸收与同化，提高叶片叶绿素含量，利于产量提高；适量的氮素供应有利于钾素的吸收与利用，促进产量的进一步提高。采用主成分分析方法对8种配施方案下番茄产量和品质的综合性能进行评价，结果显示营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L、K 391 mg/L时为最优配方方案，且番茄叶片净光合速率达到最大值。【结论】在沙子和珍珠岩1∶2 (v∶v) 为基质的番茄无土栽培条件下，滴灌营养液中氮、钾浓度分别为N 378 mg/L和K 391 mg/L时，番茄产量和品质的综合性能达到最优，该方案可在生产实践中为基质栽培番茄营养液精确管理提供一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

大瑶山野生茶树的生化特性研究     

蒋陈凯  赵文芳  黄亚辉  曾贞  吴春兰  赖幸菲  袁思思 《茶叶科学技术》2017,58(1)

为探究大瑶山山脉野生茶树资源的生化成分特征,本研究测定了来自大瑶山29份茶树单株的19项生化指标.其中用分光光度法检测茶多酚、游离氨基酸、黄酮等含量,用高效液相色谱检测儿茶素、生物碱等组成,用氨基酸分析仪检测氨基酸组成.对主要生化成分进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析,结果表明大瑶山野生茶具有丰富的遗传多样性和地域独特性,并从中筛选出了一批特异资源,如高氨基酸(＞4.00％)资源9份、高咖啡碱(＞5.00％)资源23份、高EGCG(＞10％)3份.  相似文献   

父母本不同行距配置对昆虫授粉效率的影响     

张伟龙  张伟  徐长洪  王鹏年  赵丽梅  吴兴宏  丁孝羊 《大豆科学》2017,36(5)

为探讨昆虫为杂交大豆授粉的行为,提高授粉效率,以大豆细胞质雄性不育系JLCMS34A和保持系JLCMS34B为材料,研究父母本3种行距配置(T1、T2、T3)对昆虫授粉行为及产量构成的影响。结果表明:行距配置T2条件下昆虫授粉效率最高,母本单株粒数最多,为45.98个(2011年),与T1、T3差异达到显著水平,T3配置授粉效率最差,单株粒数最少,为32.06个(2012年),与T1、T2差异达到极显著水平。在吉林省洮南地区适当缩小父母本行距,增加母本间行距可有效促进昆虫授粉效率,提高结实率。  相似文献   

Calibration and validation of optical chlorophyll‐measuring devices for use in predicting crude protein concentration in tropical grass herbage          下载免费PDF全文

M. P. Hughes  C. H. O. Lallo  V. Mlambo  P. G. A. Jennings 《Grass and Forage Science》2017,72(1):118-136

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N‐Tester as easy‐to‐use and cost‐effective tools for predicting foliar chlorophylls (a, b and total) and crude protein (CP) concentrations in herbage from three tropical grass species. Optical chlorophyll measurements were taken at three stages (4, 8 and 12 weeks) of regrowth maturity in Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Mulato II (Brachiaria hybrid) and at 6 and 12 weeks maturity in Paspalum spp (Paspalum atratum). Grass samples were harvested subsequent to optical measurements for laboratory analysis to determine CP and solvent‐extractable chlorophylls (a, b and total) concentrations. Optical chlorophyll measurements and CP concentrations were highly correlated (Yara N‐Tester: r² = 0·77–0·89; Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI: r² = 0·52–0·84). Crude protein prediction models from the Yara N‐Tester and Fieldscout CM 1000 NDVI accounted for 70–89% and 44–73% CP variability, respectively, in Mulato II and Guinea grass. The Yara N‐tester produced more accurate and reliable CP estimates based on very high concordance correlation coefficient [CCC (0·73–0·91)] and low rMSPE, mean and regression bias. It is concluded that the Yara N‐Tester produces more accurate and reliable CP estimates of tropical pastures.  相似文献   

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau          下载免费PDF全文

J. Cao  Y. Gong  E. T. Yeh  N. M. Holden  J. F. Adamowski  R. C. Deo  M. Liu  J. Zhou  J. Zhang  W. Zhang  S. Zhang  D. Sheng  S. Yang  X. Xu  M. Li  Q. Feng 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(4):663-671

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.  相似文献   

Utilizing a DUALEM‐421 and inversion modelling to map baseline soil salinity along toposequences in the Hunter Valley Wine district          下载免费PDF全文

U. Stockmann  J. Huang  B. Minasny  J. Triantafilis 《Soil Use and Management》2017,33(3):413-424

In the oldest commercial wine district of Australia, the Hunter Valley, there is the threat of soil salinization because marine sediments underlie the area. To understand the risk requires information about the spatial distribution of soil properties. Electromagnetic (EM) induction instruments have been used to identify and map the spatial variation of average soil salinity to a certain depth. However, soils vary with depth dependent on soil forming factors. We collected data from a single‐frequency and multiple‐coil DUALEM‐421 along a toposequence. We inverted this data using EM4Soil software and evaluated the resultant 2‐dimensional model of true electrical conductivity (σ – mS/m) with depth against electrical conductivity of saturated soil pastes (EC_p – dS/m). Using a fitted linear regression (LR) model calibration approach and by varying the forward model (cumulative function‐CF and full solution‐FS), inversion algorithm (S1 and S2), damping factor (λ) and number of arrays, we determined a suitable electromagnetic conductivity image (EMCI), which was optimal (R² = 0.82) when using the full solution, S2, λ = 3.6 and all six coil arrays. We conducted an uncertainty analysis of the LR model used to estimate the electrical conductivity of the saturated soil‐paste extract (EC_e – dS/m). Our interpretation based on estimates of EC_e suggests the approach can identify differences in salinity, how these vary with parent material and how topography influences salt distribution. The results provide information leading to insights into how soil forming factors and agricultural practices influence salinity down a toposequence and how this can guide soil management practices.  相似文献   

连栽木麻黄根际微生物群落结构和功能特征     

李建鹃  罗扬  周柳婷  白莹  李键  吴承祯 《森林与环境学报》2020,(1):9-15

以不同栽培代数的木麻黄(第1代FCP、第2代SCP、第3代TCP)根际土壤为试验材料,运用BIOLOG微平板和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术分析根际土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性对多代连栽响应。结果表明,不同代数的土壤微生物对各类碳源的利用程度存在显著差异,连栽后木麻黄根际土壤微生物对碳源利用率显著下降。在6类碳源中,除胺类外,其他5种碳源均呈现FCP>SCP>TCP。PLFA分析共检测到11种PLFA生物标记,FCP土壤微生物PLFA生物标记总量明显高于SCP和TCP,3个代数土壤中含量最高的PLFA生物标记是i16:0、a15:0和18:1ω9c。土壤中特征微生物含量差异明显,细菌分布量最大,其次是真菌和放线菌。随栽植代数增加,细菌含量减少,真菌含量增加。土壤微生物群落多样性指数均呈现FCP>TCP>SCP,与土壤理化性质变化密切相关。可见木麻黄连栽显著影响其根际土壤微生物群落结构与功能,因此根际土壤微生态失衡可能是导致木麻黄连栽障碍的重要因素。  相似文献   

Comparative effect of advanced soy products or corn protein concentrate with porcine meal on growth,body composition,and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus     

Romi Novriadi  Elizabeth Spangler  D. Allen Davis 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(2):433-447

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of diets containing advanced soy products (enzyme‐treated soy and fermented soy) or corn protein concentrate (CPC) in combination with porcine meal (PM) to completely replace poultry byproduct meal (PBM) on growth performance, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic, to contain 400 g/kg crude protein and 80 g/kg lipid. A reference diet (PBM diet [PBMD]) contained 150 g/kg PBM and 495 g/kg soybean meal (SBM), and three test diets were formulated replacing PBM with 15 g/kg of CPC (CPC diet [CPCD]) or replacing all SBM and PBM with 535 g/kg fermented soy (fermented soybean meal diet [FSBMD]) or 451.3 g/kg enzyme‐treated soy (enzyme‐treated soybean meal diet [ESBMD]). All three test diets were supplemented with 38 g/kg of PM. Diets were fed based on a percentage of bodyweight adjusted after sampling the fish every 2 weeks to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 8.06 ± 0.22 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, fish fed CPCD and ESBMD performed equally well in terms of final body weight, thermal growth coefficient, and percentage weight gain in comparison to fish fed PBMD. In all cases, feeding FSBMD resulted in poor feed conversion and lower feed intake compared to other treatments. Protein retention efficiency, whole‐body proximate composition, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and zinc contents were not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. The results obtained in the present histological study showed no significant differences in the thickness of serous layer, muscular layer, and submucosal layer of the intestine among treatments. Fish fed CPCD showed a significant widening of the lamina propria with an increase of cellular infiltration and higher presence of goblet cells compared to other dietary treatment. Based on these results, 451 g/kg ESBM or combination of 150 g/kg of CPC and 495 g/kg SBM supplemented with 38 g/kg PM can be utilized to develop a practical diet for juvenile Florida pompano without impacting growth, nutritive parameters, and several distal intestine health parameters.  相似文献