Seasonal variations in the concentration of antimicrobial components in milk of dairy cows     

Naoki Suzuki  Fika Yuliza Purba  Yoshiaki Hayashi  Takahiro Nii  Yukinori Yoshimura  Naoki Isobe 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)

The incidence of bovine mastitis and the bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) are influenced by season, which may be associated with innate immune functions, including antimicrobial components in mammary glands. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of season on antimicrobial components in milk. Rectal temperature and plasma cortisol, thyroxine, and derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d‐ROMs) were measured as stress parameters. Concentrations of lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), psoriasin (S100A7), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in milk were measured as indicators of innate immune function. LF and LAP concentrations were significantly lower in summer than in winter and spring, respectively, whereas the concentration of S100A7 was significantly lower in winter than in spring and autumn. The rectal temperature was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons, whereas plasma cortisol, thyroxine, and d‐ROMs did not exhibit any seasonal variation. In conclusion, even though stress parameters were not changed, the concentration of antimicrobial components, such as LF and LAP, decreased in summer, which may explain the frequent occurrence of mastitis during this season.  相似文献   

Cluster analysis to evaluate disease risk in periparturient dairy cattle     

Sho Ishikawa  Kentaro Ikuta  Yoshiaki Obara  Akio Oka  Yoshihisa Otani  Yuji Takahashi  Hanako Bai  Fuminori Terada  Shiro Kushibiki 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)

Predicting periparturient disease risk is of immense value to the dairy industry. Periparturient diseases are interrelated with each other; however, predicting the onset risk of these diseases has predominantly been based on a single blood parameter for a single disease. This study examined a new diagnostic method to predict the risk of periparturient diseases. We conducted cluster analysis of multiple blood constituents from 20 Holstein cattle at 1 week post‐partum, and the cattle were divided into two groups, A or B. We then compared the periparturient and early‐lactation blood constituents of these groups. Group B had significantly higher 3‐hydroxybutyric acid concentrations and were suspected to have subclinical ketosis. Group B also had significantly lower calcium concentrations, with a tendency for subclinical hypocalcemia. We also performed discriminant analysis using blood parameters at 1 week post‐partum, which grouped the population into the same two groups as the cluster analysis based on three variables: inorganic phosphorus, calcium, and either phospholipids or total cholesterol. We further showed that these discriminant functions could be used to predict the risk of periparturient disease even before parturition. Our results indicate that cluster analysis with multiple blood constituents is useful for predicting periparturient disease risks.  相似文献   

A sero-survey of subtype H3 influenza A virus infection in dogs and cats in Japan     

Said AW  Usui T  Shinya K  Ono E  Ito T  Hikasa Y  Matsuu A  Takeuchi T  Sugiyama A  Nishii N  Yamaguchi T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(4):541-544

A sero-epidemiological survey of human and equine H3 influenza A virus infections in dogs and cats using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) tests was conducted. Serum samples were collected from 582 dogs and 237 cats in Japan during the periods 2002-2008 and 1997-2008, respectively. Although no HI antibodies against equine H3 virus were detected, 9 (3.8%) from cats and 12 (2.1%) from dogs were HI-positive against human H3 virus. Only one serum each from dogs and cats was NI-positive against N2 virus. These findings suggest that although equine H3 influenza virus infections have not been prevalent in companion animals, human H3N2 influenza A virus infections have occurred in dogs and cats in recent years in Japan.  相似文献   

On the differences of oxidizing power of paddy rice seedling roots among some varieties     

Yoshiaki Gotō  Kisao Tai 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):198-200

Introduction

For improvement on the culture techniques of paddy rice, it is regarded most important to clear up the interactions between roots and rhizosphere soil, in addition to the studies on metabolic process such as photosynthesis and nutrients absorption etc.  相似文献   

Improvement of simazine degradation by inoculation of corn and soybean plants with rhizobacteria     

Takashi Ozawa  Ryota Yoshida  Yoshiaki Wakashiro  Hitomi Hase 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(8):1295-1299

We isolated the strains of aerobic bacteria, that were able to use the simazine (2-chloro4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine) herbicide as a sole source of nitrogen, from the roots of corn plants and the nodules of soybean plants. Partial base sequences of 16S rRNA genes and physiological characteristics of the representative isolates revealed that they belonged to Agrobacterium radiobacter and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, respectively. Inoculation of corn plants with the isolates of A. radiobacter resulted in a faster decrease in the amount of simazine in vermiculite soil. Neither bacteria nor corn plants alone were able to promote the decrease in the amount of simazine. Soybean plants modulated by the isolates of B. japonicum were more sensitive to simazine in a hydroponic medium compared to non-nodulated soybeans, though a significant decrease in the amount of simazine in the media was observed. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the rhizosphere of corn and soybean plants containing root nodules is an appropriate habitat for simazine-degrading bacteria to degrade the herbicide.  相似文献   

Molecular basis of the nitrogen response in plants     

Yoshiaki Ueda  Mineko Konishi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):329-341

Nitrogen is an essential element for living organisms because it is a crucial constituent of biomolecules. Inadequate supply of usable nitrogen reduces plant growth and crop yield. The primary nitrogen sources for plants are nitrate and ammonium in soils, and plants have multiple layers of sensing and adaptive mechanisms that respond to the availability of these nutrients. The adaptive responses are called ‘nitrogen responses,’ which include morphological and physiological responses enabling plants to efficiently take up nitrogen and adapt to spatiotemporal fluctuations in nitrogen abundance in the field. In this review, we summarize the strategies that plants use to respond to changes in the nitrogen nutrient status in the soil and discuss different effects produced by nitrate and ammonium, emphasizing the important role of nitrate for plant growth. Recent studies revealed the molecular mechanism mediating the primary response to nitrate provision and the molecular mechanisms that coordinate the nitrogen response with responses to another macronutrient, phosphorus. We thus discuss these molecular mechanisms as well.  相似文献   

Changes in the bacterial composition of water in a carp rearing tank     

Haruo Sugita  Satoshi Ushioka  Daiju Kihara  Yoshiaki Deguchi 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1985,44(3):243-247

The bacteria from an 800-l carp rearing tank were isolated on five different media during a 45-day experimental period. Total viable counts and the variety of groups of bacteria detected in the water increased after the carp were stocked. The Vibrio-Aeromonas group and Bacteroides type A, which were major components in the intestinal tracts of carp, increased after fish were introduced, and decreased after fish were removed.  相似文献   

Elution and internal migration of free amino acids in fish meats by soaking in sodium chloride or sorbitol solution     

Ayumi Furutani  Tooru Ooizumi  Yoshiaki Akahane 《Fisheries Science》2007,73(6):1373-1382

ABSTRACT:   Elution and internal migration of free amino acids (FAA) in fish meats by soaking were investigated when the meat strips were soaked in various concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sorbitol solution. Rapid decrease of FAA in an earlier phase of soaking was followed by a mild one, irrespective of the kind and the concentration of soaking solution. The loss of FAA by soaking in NaCl solution was slightly larger than that in sorbitol solution. However, regardless of the kinds of soaking solution, the elution of FAA from fish meats by soaking was only dependent on the soaking time, independently of the concentration, namely osmotic pressure of the soaking solution. Conversely, sluggish migration of FAA from the inside to the surface of the meat strips proceeded by soaking. These results suggested that the elution of FAA from fish meats by soaking was driven by a simple diffusion from the surface of the meats to soaking solution, but it was regulated by sluggish migration rate of FAA in fish meats.  相似文献   

Solubilization of type I and V collagens in Japanese flounder muscle during chilled storage     

Takashi?Kimiya  Satoshi?KubotaEmail author  Michiya?Kono  Mitsuaki?Hirata  Haruhiko?Toyohara  Katsuji?Moriora  Yoshiaki?Itoh 《Fisheries Science》2005,71(3):672-678

ABSTRACT:   The post-mortem changes of type I and V collagens in Japanese flounder muscle during chilled storage were examined. The muscle softened significantly within 12 h under chilled storage. Both type I and V collagens isolated by ion-exchange chromatographies showed no remarkable changes in band patterns even after 24 h of storage, suggesting that degraded collagen molecules may be removed from the collagen fraction by a conventional preparation method. In contrast, type I and V collagen molecules were detected by Western blotting with each specific antibody in a saline extract and gradually increased during chilled storage. These results suggest that both type I and V collagens may participate in the post-mortem softening of fish muscle.  相似文献   

Time course of changes in antioxidant activity of milk from dairy cows fed a trehalose‐supplemented diet     

Naoto AOKI  Kan SATO  Shuhei KANDA  Kazuhisa MUKAI  Yoshiaki OBARA  Hisao ITABASHI 《Animal Science Journal》2013,84(1):42-47

This study was to investigate the time course of changes to the antioxidant activity of milk from cows fed a trehalose‐supplemented diet, and to determine possible underlying mechanisms for observed changes. Six Holstein cows were used, and subjected to two experimental feeding periods consisting of a 1% trehalose‐supplemented diet for 10 days, followed by a basal diet only (no trehalose) for 10 days. 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities in milk were gradually increased during the trehalose supplementation period and were highest at the end of the second period. However, trehalose was not detected in the milk and plasma of dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with trehalose for 10 days, indicating that the increased antioxidant activity in the milk of trehalose‐fed cows is not due to the direct transfer of trehalose to the milk. Plasma DPPH activities exhibited a similar time course to that seen for milk. Relative superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the rumen were higher 3 days after the end of trehalose supplementation than at any other time during the experimental periods. These results suggested that the improved antioxidant activity in milk and plasma of cows fed a trehalose‐supplemented diet was due to improved ruminal relative SOD activity.  相似文献