Postcranial Osteology of the most Primitive Artiodactyl: Diacodexis pakistanensis (Dichobunidae)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. G. M. Thewissen  S. T. Hussain 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》1990,19(1):37-48

Diacodexis pakistanensis is the smallest and most primitive artiodactyl. It is known from the early Eocene of the Indo-Pakistani subcontinent. It retains a clavicle, has five complete digits in the manus and four in the pes and is digitigrade. The elongated limbs, reduced ability to pronate and supinate, double pulleyed astragalus and reduced lateral digits indicate that D. pakistanensis is cursorial. However, the shape of the spinous processes of the sacrum, the size of the deltoid tubercle of the humerus, the shape of the proximal femur, the narrow distal trochlea of the astragalus and proportions of the long bones indicate that it is less cursorial than any other dichobunid artiodactyl.  相似文献   

Über das Artenspektrum Manna erzeugender Aphiden     

M. B. Al-Aswad  M. Ahmad  D. M. Sabir 《Journal of pest science》1977,50(11):164-165

Identification of Manna excreting Aphids Up to now the origin of Manna in northern Iraq has not been known distinctly. As producers of the sweet excretions called Manna on oak trees were identified the following species of Aphididae:Aphis fabae Scop.,A. gossypii Glov.,Chromaphis juglandicola Kalt.,Myzocallis castanicola Bak.,Tuberculatus annulata Htg.,T. moerickei Hrl. andThelaxes sp.  相似文献   

Alkaloids of Zanthoxylum budrunga     

Ahmad MU  Rahman MA  Huq E  Chowdhury R 《Fitoterapia》2003,74(1-2):191-193

Pseudophrynamine, lunacridine and the new compound 2-(2',4',6'-trimethyl-heptenyl)-4-quinozolone were isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum budrunga.  相似文献   

Antinociceptive diterpene from Euphorbia decipiens     

Ahmad VU  Hussain H  Bukhari IA  Hussain J  Jassbi AR  Dar A 《Fitoterapia》2005,76(2):230-232

One myrsinol-type diterpene ester (1) isolated from Euphorbia decipiens was evaluated for analgesic activity in the acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. Different dose (5-20 mg/kg i.p.) of the compound showed significant antinociceptive activity, which was comparable to standard analgesic drugs, aspirin and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg i.p.).  相似文献   

Coumarins from the aerial part of Halocnemum strobilaceum     

Miftakhova AF  Burasheva GS  Abilov ZA  Ahmad VU  Zahid M 《Fitoterapia》2001,72(3):319-321

Four known coumarins, coumarin (1), 7-hydroxy-3-methylcoumarin (2), oreoselone (3) and heraclenin (4), were isolated from aerial part of Halocnemum strobilaceum. Their structures were determined by 1 and 2-D NMR techniques.  相似文献   

Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens          下载免费PDF全文

Zohreh Pourhossein  Ali Ahmad Alaw Qotbi  Alireza Seidavi  Vito Laudadio  Gerardo Centoducati  Vincenzo Tufarelli 《Animal Science Journal》2015,86(1):105-110

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract (SOPE) on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1‐day broilers (Ross‐308) were randomly allocated to treatments varying in supplemental SOPE added in the drinking water. The experimental groups consisted of three treatments fed for 42 days as follows: a control treatment without feed extract, a treatment containing 1000 ppm of SOPE and a treatment containing 1250 ppm of SOPE. All treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Broilers were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza (AI), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. Antibody titer response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was higher in the group fed 1250 ppm of SOPE (P < 0.05) as well as for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Similarly, antibody titer responses to all vaccines were constantly elevated (P < 0.05) by SOPE enrichment in a dose‐dependent manner. Relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were unaffected by treatments. Dietary SOPE supplementation may improve the immune response and diseases resistance, indicating that it can constitute a useful additive in broiler feeding. Thus, supplying SOPE in rations may help to improve relative immune response in broiler chickens.  相似文献   

Genetics and mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin in a field population of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Ahmad M  Sayyed AH  Crickmore N  Saleem MA 《Pest management science》2007,63(10):1002-1010

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) causes enormous losses in many economically important crops. The genetics of insecticide resistance has been extensively studied in several insect pests, but there is a lack of information on S. litura. Therefore, the genetics and mechanisms of the resistance of S. litura to deltamethrin were investigated. RESULTS: Bioassays at generation G1 gave resistance ratios of 9, 5, 41, 52 and 49 for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and triazofos respectively, when compared with the susceptible Lab-PK strain. Bioassays at G4 with a deltamethrin-selected population (Delta-SEL) showed that selection gave resistance ratios of 63 and 7 for deltamethrin when compared with the Lab-PK and UNSEL strains respectively. Cross-resistance to other insecticides tested was observed in the selected population. A notable feature of the Delta-SEL strain was that resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos and chlorpyrifos did not decline over the course of five generations. Synergism tests with microsomal oxidase (MO) and esterase-specific inhibitors indicated that the deltamethrin resistance was associated with MO and, possibly, esterase activity. Reciprocal crosses between the Delta-SEL and Lab-PK strains indicated that resistance was autosomal and incompletely dominant. A direct test of monogenic inheritance suggested that resistance to deltamethrin was controlled by more than one locus. CONCLUSION: Stability and dominance of resistance and cross-resistance suggest that insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended to reduce pyrethroid selection pressure.  相似文献   

Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds          下载免费PDF全文

Kashif NOOR  Hafiza Masooma Naseer CHEEMA  Asif Ali KHAN  Rao Sohail Ahmad KHAN 《农业科学学报》2022,21(10):2818-2832

Transgenic cotton carrying the Cry1Ac gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption, although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.  After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton with a single Cry1Ac gene, growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene (Cry1Ac+Cry2A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.  Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effectiveness of Bt cotton carrying the double gene.  The expression levels of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes were evaluated in the leaves of 10 genotypes (2 parents and 8 F₁ hybrids) at 30 days after sowing (DAS), while samples of leaves, bolls and flowers were taken from the upper and lower canopies at 70 and 110 DAS.  The F₁ hybrids were developed through reciprocal crosses between two Bt (CKC-1, CKC-2) and two non-Bt (MNH-786, FH-942) parents.  The differential expression of transgenes was evaluated through Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).  The results showed that the MNH786×CKC-1 hybrid had the highest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (3.08 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (1.01 µg g^–1) in leaves.  In contrast, the CKC-2×MNH-786 hybrid showed the lowest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (2.30 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (0.86 µg g^–1).  The F₁ hybrid FH-942×CKC-2 showed the highest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (8.39 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (7.74 µg g^–1) in leaves, while the CKC-1×MNH-786 hybrid expressed the lowest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (7.10 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (8.31 µg g^–1).  A comparison between the two stages of plant growth showed that leaves had the highest concentrations at 30 DAS, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed at 110 DAS for both genes in leaves.  When the expression pattern was compared between various plant parts in genotype CKC-2, it was found that leaves had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.31 µg g^–1) at 70 DAS, followed by bolls (Cry1Ac (1.66 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.15 µg g^–1)) and flowers (Cry1Ac (1.07 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (7.99 µg g^–1)).  The genotype CKC-2 had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.31 µg g^–1) in the upper canopy but less accumulation (2.66 µg g^–1 of Cry1Ac, 8.09 µg g^–1 of Cry2A) in the lower canopy at 70 DAS.  Similarly, at 110 DAS, the expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A in upper and lower canopy leaves were 1.52 and 7.92 µg g^–1, and 0.99 and 7.54 µg g^–1, respectively.  Hence, the current study demonstrates that different genotypes showed variable expression for both of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes during plant growth due to different genetic backgrounds.  The Cry2A gene had three-fold higher expression than Cry1Ac with significant differences in expression in different plant parts.  The findings of this study will be helpful for breeding insect-resistant double-gene genotypes with better gene expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A for sustainable cotton production worldwide.  相似文献   

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system          下载免费PDF全文

Muhammad QASWAR  LI Dong-chu  HUANG Jing  HAN Tian-fu  Waqas AHMED  Sehrish ALI  Muhammad Numan KHAN  Zulqarnain Haider KHAN  XU Yong-mei  LI Qian  ZHANG Hui-min  WANG Bo-ren  Ahmad TAUQEER 《农业科学学报》2022,21(3):826-839

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.  相似文献   

Effects of the addition of Calanopia elliptica,Artemia franciscana,and Brachionus rotundiformis in a nursery biofloc system on water quality,growth, gut morphology,health indices,and transcriptional response of immune and antioxidant-related genes in Penaeus vannamei     

Abbaszadeh  Akbar  Mozanzadeh  Mansour Torfi  Qasemi  Ahmad  Oujifard  Amin  Nafisi Bahabadi  Mahmod 《Aquaculture International》2022,30(2):653-676

Aquaculture International - A 56-day study was carried out to examine the addition of live foods a biofloc technology (BFT) system on Penaeus vannamei postlarvae performance (PL25, initial weight:...  相似文献