Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide after oral administration to horses     

Johansson AM  Gardner SY  Levine JF  Papich MG  Lafevers DH  Goldman RB  Sheets MK  Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2004,18(5):739-743

Furosemide is the most common diuretic drug used in horses. Furosemide is routinely administered as IV or IM bolus doses 3-4 times a day. Administration PO is often suggested as an alternative, even though documentation of absorption and efficacy in horses is lacking. This study was carried out in a randomized, crossover design and compared 8-hour urine volume among control horses that received placebo, horses that received furosemide at 1 mg/kg PO, and horses that received furosemide at 1 mg/kg IV. Blood samples for analysis of plasma furosemide concentrations, PCV, and total solids were obtained at specific time points from treated horses. Furosemide concentrations were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Systemic availability of furosemide PO was poor, erratic, and variable among horses. Median systemic bioavailability was 5.4% (25th percentile, 75th percentile: 3.5, 9.6). Horses that received furosemide IV produced 7.4 L (7.1, 7.7) of urine over the 8-hour period. The maximum plasma concentration of 0.03 microg/mL after administration PO was not sufficient to increase urine volume compared with control horses (1.2 L [1.0, 1.4] PO versus 1.2 L [1.0, 1.4] control). There was a mild decrease in urine specific gravity within 1-2 hours after administration of furosemide PO, and urine specific gravity was significantly lower in horses treated with furosemide PO compared with control horses at the 2-hour time point. Systemic availability of furosemide PO was poor and variable. Furosemide at 1 mg/kg PO did not induce diuresis in horses.  相似文献   

Atrial fibrillation in cats: 50 cases (1979-2002)     

Côté E  Harpster NK  Laste NJ  MacDonald KA  Kittleson MD  Bond BR  Barrett KA  Ettinger SJ  Atkins CE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(2):256-260

OBJECTIVE: To determine signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcome for cats with atrial fibrillation (AF). DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 50 cats. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cats that met criteria for a diagnosis of AF (ECG consisting of at least 2 leads, clear absence of P waves, supraventricular rhythm, and convincingly irregularly irregular rhythm) and had undergone echocardiography were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 41 males (37 castrated) and 9 females (7 spayed). Forty-one were of mixed breeding; 9 were purebred. Mean +/- SD age was 10.2 +/- 3.7 years. The most common chief complaints were dyspnea, aortic thromboembolism, and lethargy. In 11 cats, AF was an incidental finding. Mean +/- SD ventricular rate was 223 +/- 36 beats/min. The most common echocardiographic abnormalities were restrictive or unclassified cardiomyopathy (n = 19), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (18), and dilated cardiomyopathy (6). Mean +/- SD left atrial-to-aortic diameter ratio (n = 39) was 2.55 +/- 0.80. The most common thoracic radiographic findings were cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, and pulmonary edema. Median survival time (n = 24) was 165 days (range, 0 to 1,095 days). Eight of 24 cats lived for > or = 1 year after a diagnosis of AF was made. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that AF occurs primarily in older adult male cats with structural heart disease severe enough to lead to atrial enlargement. Atrial fibrillation in these cats was most commonly first detected when signs of decompensated cardiac disease were evident, but also was commonly identified as an incidental finding.  相似文献   

Genetic parameters for carcass and meat quality traits and their relationships to liveweight and wool production in hogget Merino rams.     

J C Greeff  E Safari  N M Fogarty  D L Hopkins  F D Brien  K D Atkins  S I Mortimer  J H J van der Werf 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2008,125(3):205-215

Genetic parameters for carcass and meat quality traits of about 18-month-old Merino rams (n = 5870), the progeny of 543 sires from three research resource flocks, were estimated. The estimates of heritability for hot carcass weight (HCW) and the various fat and muscle dimension measurements were moderate and ranged from 0.20 to 0.37. The brightness of meat (colour L*, 0.18 +/- 0.03 standard error) and meat pH (0.22 +/- 0.03) also had moderate estimates of heritability, although meat relative redness (colour a*, 0.10 +/- 0.03) and relative yellowness (colour b*, 0.10 +/- 0.03) were lower. Heritability estimates for live weights were moderate and ranged from 0.29 to 0.41 with significant permanent maternal environmental effects (0.13 to 0.10). The heritability estimates for the hogget wool traits were moderate to high and ranged from 0.27 to 0.60. The ultrasound measurements of fat depth (FATUS) and eye muscle depth (EMDUS) on live animals were highly genetically correlated with the corresponding carcass measurements (0.69 +/- 0.09 FATC and 0.77 +/- 0.07 EMD). Carcass tissue depth (FATGR) had moderate to low genetic correlations with carcass muscle measurements [0.18 +/- 0.10 EMD and 0.05 +/- 0.10 eye muscle area (EMA)], while those with FATC were negative. The genetic correlation between EMD and eye muscle width (EMW) was 0.41 +/- 0.08, while EMA was highly correlated with EMD (0.89 +/- 0.0) and EMW (0.78 +/- 0.04). The genetic correlations for muscle colour with muscle measurements were moderately negative, while those with fat measurements were close to zero. Meat pH was positively correlated with muscle measurements (0.14 to 0.17) and negatively correlated with fat measurements (-0.06 to -0.18). EMDUS also showed a similar pattern of correlations to EMD with meat quality indicator traits, although FATUS had positive correlations with these traits which were generally smaller than their standard error. The genetic correlations among the meat colour traits were high and positive while those with meat pH were high and negative, which were all in the favourable direction. Generally, phenotypic correlations were similar or slightly lower than the corresponding genetic correlations. There were generally small to moderate negative genetic correlations between clean fleece weight (CFW) and carcass fat traits while those with muscle traits were close to zero. As the Merino is already a relatively lean breed, this implies that particular attention should be given to this relationship in Merino breeding programmes to prevent the reduction of fat reserves as a correlated response to selection for increased fleece weight. The ultrasound scan traits generally showed a similar pattern to the corresponding carcass fat and muscle traits. There was a small unfavourable genetic correlation between CFW and meat pH (0.19 +/- 0.07).  相似文献   

ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs     

Bruce W. Keene  Clarke E. Atkins  John D. Bonagura  Philip R. Fox  Jens Hggstrm  Virginia Luis Fuentes  Mark A. Oyama  John E. Rush  Rebecca Stepien  Masami Uechi 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2019,33(3):1127-1140

This report, issued by the ACVIM Specialty of Cardiology consensus panel, revises guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD, also known as endocardiosis and degenerative or chronic valvular heart disease) in dogs, originally published in 2009. Updates were made to diagnostic, as well as medical, surgical, and dietary treatment recommendations. The strength of these recommendations was based on both the quantity and quality of available evidence supporting diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Management of MMVD before the onset of clinical signs of heart failure has changed substantially compared with the 2009 guidelines, and new strategies to diagnose and treat advanced heart failure and pulmonary hypertension are reviewed.  相似文献   

Detection and quantification of airborne inoculum of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using quantitative PCR     

S. L. Rogers  S. D. Atkins  J. S. West 《Plant pathology》2009,58(2):324-331

This paper reports the development of a new specific diagnostic technique to accurately quantify airborne inoculum of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and discusses its potential use in disease-forecasting schemes, using examples of three contrasting epidemic seasons: 2007, when there was a severe epidemic of sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) in England and high numbers of airborne ascospores were trapped at Rothamsted, and, in contrast, 2003 and 2004, when the incidence of SSR in England was low and low numbers of airborne ascospores were trapped at Rothamsted. DNA was extracted from wax-coated plastic tapes, such as those used in Burkard (Hirst-type) spore traps and rotating-arm traps. A SYBR-green quantitative PCR (qPCR) method produced a linear relationship between ascospore numbers and S. sclerotiorum DNA (mean 0·35 pg DNA per spore) and was able to detect DNA representing as few as two ascospores. The technique was insensitive to DNA of the host plant, Brassica napus , and other plant pathogens, including Sclerotinia minor , S. trifoliorum and Botrytis cinerea , and common airborne fungal genera such as Cladosporium and Penicillium . There was no relationship between rainfall and numbers of airborne ascospores of S. sclerotiorum present at Rothamsted during the period of infection in the severe SSR season (2007).  相似文献   

Evidence of differences in seed dormancy among populations of Bromus sterilis     

Peters  Atkins  Brain 《Weed Research》2000,40(5):467-478

Seeds of 40 populations of Bromus sterilis L. were collected in the southern and midland counties of England over a 2‐year period and grown outdoors in pots in two subsequent years. In the first year, seeds were tested in a 12‐h dark/12‐h light regime at 15 °C and in the second year the seeds were tested both in the dark/light regime and in the dark at 15 °C. There was a wide range in the degree of enforced dormancy given by the dark/light regime. Germination of freshly collected seeds in the dark/light regime after 21 days ranged from 44% to 97% in the populations tested in the first year and from 19% to 97% in populations tested in the second year. Induced dormancy was caused by light in two populations. Seeds had little innate dormancy apart from in two populations which gave 64% and 68% germination, respectively, in the dark after 21 days. A field trial in which seeds of a selected range of six populations were sown on the soil surface after harvest (August 8), showed that populations predicted to be inhibited by light in laboratory tests were also inhibited by light in the field and, depending upon the population, there was between 4% and 54% of the seeds remaining ungerminated by October 23 in the year of planting. By June of the following year, 36% of the seeds sown on the soil surface in one population still remained viable and ungerminated. The agricultural significance of the results is discussed.  相似文献   

Different cultures,different values: The role of cultural variation in public’s WTP for marine species conservation     

Adriana Ressurreição  James Gibbons  Michel Kaiser  Tomaz Ponce Dentinho  Tomasz Zarzycki  Charlotte Bentley  Melanie Austen  Daryl Burdon  Jonathan Atkins  Ricardo S. Santos  Gareth Edwards-Jones 《Biological conservation》2012,145(1):148-159

Understanding the cultural variation in public preference for marine species is a necessary pre-requisite if conservation objectives are to include societal preferences in addition to scientific considerations. We report the results of a contingent study undertaken at three case-study sites: Azores islands (Portugal), Gulf of Gdansk (Poland) and Isles of Scilly (UK). The study considered species richness of five specific marine taxa (mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates and algae) as proxies of marine biodiversity and the aim of analysis was to estimate from a multi-site perspective public’s willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid increased levels of species loss (reduction of species richness) for different marine taxa. Results, based on 1502 face-to-face interviews, showed that income, education and environmental awareness of the respondents were significant predictors of WTP for marine species conservation. Results also indicated that respondents in each of the European locations had different preferences for marine taxa. In the Azores, although mammals and fish were valued highly, small differences occurred in the WTP among different taxa. Respondents in the Isles of Scilly put a relatively low value on fish while algae and marine mammals were highly valued. In Gdansk, respondents defined a clear order of preference for marine mammals > fish > birds > invertebrates and algae. These findings suggested that cultural differences may be important drivers of valuation and undermines the commonly held premise that charismatic/likeable taxa consistently have a disproportionately strong influence on WTP for biodiversity conservation. We conclude that conservation policy must take account of cultural diversity alongside biological diversity.  相似文献   

Renin-angiotensin aldosterone profile before and after angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor administration in dogs with angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism     

Darcy Adin  Clarke Atkins  Oliver Domenig  Teresa DeFrancesco  Bruce Keene  Sandra Tou  Joshua A. Stern  Kathryn M. Meurs 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2020,34(2):600-606

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Early Development and Putative Primordial Germ Cells Characterization in Dogs     

DS Martins  CE Ambrósio  NZ Saraiva  CV Wenceslau  AC Morini  I Kerkis  JM Garcia  MA Miglino 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2011,46(1):e62-e66

Previously, three distinct populations of putative primordial germ cells (PGCs), namely gonocytes, intermediate cells and pre‐spermatogonia, have been described in the human foetal testis. According to our knowledge, these PGCs have not been studied in any other species. The aim of our study was to identify similar PGC populations in canine embryos. First, we develop a protocol for canine embryo isolation. Following our protocol, 15 canine embryos at 21–25 days of pregnancy were isolated by ovaryhysterectomy surgery. Our data indicate that dramatic changes occur in canine embryo development and PGCs specification between 21 to 25 days of gestation. At that moment, only two PGC populations with distinct morphology can be identified by histological analyses. Cell population 1 presented round nuclei with prominent nucleolus and a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, showing gonocyte morphology. Cell population 2 was often localized at the periphery of the testicular cords and presented typical features of PGC. Both germ cell populations were positively immunostained with anti‐human OCT‐4 antibody. However, at day 25, all cells of population 1 reacted positively with OCT‐4, whereas in population 2, fewer cells were positive for this marker. These two PGCs populations present morphological features similar to gonocytes and intermediate cells from human foetal testis. It is expected that a population of pre‐spermatogonia would be observed at later stages of canine foetus development. We also showed that anti‐human OCT‐4 antibody can be useful to identify canine PGC in vivo.  相似文献   

'We're not told why--we're just told': qualitative reflections about the Western Australian Go for 2&5® fruit and vegetable campaign     

Carter OB  Pollard CM  Atkins JF  Marie Milliner J  Pratt IS 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(6):982-988

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