The role of wildlife in transboundary animal diseases     

Siembieda JL  Kock RA  McCracken TA  Newman SH 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2011,12(1):95-111

This paper identifies some of the more important diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface and the role wildlife plays in disease transmission. Domestic livestock, wildlife and humans share many similar pathogens. Pathogens of wild or domestic animal origin that can cause infections in humans are known as zoonotic organisms and the converse are termed as anthroponotic organisms. Seventy-seven percent of livestock pathogens and 91% of domestic carnivore pathogens are known to infect multiple hosts, including wildlife. Understanding this group of pathogens is critical to public health safety, because they infect a wide range of hosts and are most likely to emerge as novel causes of infection in humans and domestic animals. Diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface, particularly those that are zoonotic, must be an area of focus for public health programs and surveillance for emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, understanding wildlife and their role is a vital part of understanding the epidemiology and ecology of diseases. To do this, a multi-faceted approach combining capacity building and training, wildlife disease surveillance, wildlife-livestock interface and disease ecology studies, data and information sharing and outbreak investigation are needed.  相似文献   

Paternity and Genetic Heterogeneity in the Polygynous Bat, Phyllostomus hastatus     

McCracken GF  Bradbury JW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,198(4314):303-306

Wild colonies of greater spearnose bats were marked, censused regularly, and genotyped at three polymorphic allozyme loci. While adult composition of social units is very stable and strong polygyny results in marked changes in gene frequencies between generations, dispersal of offspring is sufficient to prevent significant genetic heterogeneities between social units. Kin selection cannot explain social cohesiveness in these highly social mammals.  相似文献   

Release of Snowchip,a new variety suitable for processing in Alaska     

Ralph J. McCracken 《American Journal of Potato Research》1974,51(2):66-67

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Mycotic dermatitis with digital gangrene and osteomyelitis,and protozoal intestinal parasitism in Marlborough green geckos (Naultinus manukanus)     

BD Gartrell  KM Hare 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):363-367

CASE HISTORY: Thirty adult Marlborough green geckos (Naultinus manukanus) were collected from Stephens Island and held over winter, prior to their translocation. Five adult geckos developed skin lesions after husbandry changes affected the humidity of their enclosures. Two geckos underwent ecdysis and recovered. One animal died and two others progressively worsened and were presented for treatment.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: The geckos were in poor body condition and had multiple black powdery lesions and solitary raised white nodules on their skin. Both geckos died despite topical and supportive treatment. Histopathology showed the skin nodules contained branching non-septate hyphae infiltrating necrotic epidermal tissue, and associated dermal inflammation. There was necrosis of several digits and mycotic osteomyelitis. Mucor ramosissimus was cultured from skin biopsies from each animal. Large numbers of motile protozoa, resembling Trichomonas, and another unidentifiable, were recovered from fresh faecal smears, and Nyctotherus sp protozoa were present in the lumen of the intestine of one animal post mortem.

DIAGNOSIS: Mycotic dermatitis with digital gangrene and osteomyelitis due to Mucor ramosissimus, and enteric protozoal parasitism with Trichomonas sp and Nyctotherus sp.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The clinical course and pathological findings of mycotic dermatitis in two Marlborough green geckos involved in a wildlife translocation in New Zealand are reported, and also the first record of the Marlborough green gecko as a host for the enteric protozoa Trichomonas sp and Nyctotherus sp.  相似文献   

Chronic nongranulomatous enteritis in seven horses     

W P Barclay  R J McCracken  T N Phillips  J J Foerner 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1987,190(6):684-686

Chronic nongranulomatous intestinal inflammation was found during laparotomy in 7 horses. The clinical signs consisted of recurrent abdominal pain in all horses. Anti-inflammatory agents (corticosteroidal and nonsteroidal agents) appeared to be effective for controlling the signs. Surgical removal of the involved intestine also was effective. Nonocclusive or temporary mesenteric ischemia was proposed as a cause of the intestinal lesions.  相似文献   

Changes in leukocyte populations in pulmonary lavage fluids of calves after inhalation of Pasteurella haemolytica   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

R D Walker  F M Hopkins  T W Schultz  M D McCracken  R N Moore 《American journal of veterinary research》1985,46(12):2429-2433

The distribution of leukocytes in bovine bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was determined in 15 calves at various times after aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica. For comparison, 10 calves were exposed to aerosols of phosphate-buffered saline solution; 15 calves, to Staphylococcus epidermidis; and 10 calves, to Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. At 10 minutes after inhalation exposure for each group, the predominant cell type was the macrophage. Macrophages remained the predominant cell type throughout each lavage interval for calves exposed to phosphate-buffered saline solution and Staph epidermidis. For calves exposed to P haemolytica, there was a decrease in the percentage of macrophages detectable by 30 minutes after exposure, with a corresponding increase in the percentage of neutrophils. Sixty minutes after the inhalation exposure to P haemolytica, the percentages of macrophages and neutrophils in the lavage fluid were equal. By 240 minutes after exposure to P haemolytica, greater than 90% of the cells in the lavage fluids was neutrophils. The increase in the percentage of neutrophils in lavage fluids from calves exposed to S typhimurium endotoxin was similar to that seen for the calves exposed to P haemolytica.  相似文献   

A report of an unusual nervous condition in poultry in northern Ireland     

D A Purcell  R M McCracken  J A Young 《The Veterinary record》1971,88(10):262-263

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Interobserver variation among histopathologic evaluations of intestinal tissues from dogs and cats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Willard MD  Jergens AE  Duncan RB  Leib MS  McCracken MD  DeNovo RC  Helman RG  Slater MR  Harbison JL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(8):1177-1182

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Comparison of endoscopic,necropsy and histology scoring of equine gastric ulcers     

Andrews FM  Reinemeyer CR  McCracken MD  Blackford JT  Nadeau JA  Saabye L  Sötell M  Saxton A 《Equine veterinary journal》2002,34(5):475-478

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) represents a major health problem in performance horses. Much debate exists regarding endoscopic gastric ulcer scoring systems and their ability accurately to predict severity or depth of gastric ulcers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an endoscopist to count gastric ulcers and predict gastric ulcer severity or depth using 2 endoscopic scoring systems and compare them to the same gastric ulcers see on necropsy and histopathology. Endoscopic examination of the stomach was performed under general anaesthesia on 23 mixed breed yearling horses, after feed was withheld for 24 h. Gastric ulcers were scored using 2 systems, number/severity-scoring (N/S) and practitioner simplified (PS) systems. After endoscopy, the horses were subjected to euthanasia and the stomach mucosa examined blindly and scored again at necropsy using above scoring systems. Representative gastric ulcers were then placed in 10% formalin and processed routinely for histopathology. The gastric ulcers were scored using a histopathology system (HSS) based on ulcer depth. Number scores in the N/S scoring system and PS on endoscopic and necropsy examinations were compared using Friedman 2 way analysis of variance. Where significant differences between variables were found a post hoc analysis was conducted using a Tukey's Studentised range (HSD) test. Severity scores using the N/S (ENGS) and PS scores recorded for the stomach via endoscopy and scores from HSS were evaluated for significant association using a Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square and Pearson moment correlation coefficient analysis. Significance was P < 0.05. All horses had gastric ulcers in the nonglandular mucosa via endoscopic examination and at necropsy examination. Mean nonglandular ulcer number (ENGN) score was significantly (P = 0.0024) lower on endoscopic examination compared to the score at necropsy (NNGN); whereas PS scores were not significantly different on endoscopy when compared to necropsy examination. A significant but weak association was found between ENGS and HSS (3.89, P = 0.048; r = 0.453, P = 0.045) and no correlation was found between PS and HSS (1.2, P = 0.272; r = 0.117; P = 0.622). Only 1/23 horses had glandular ulcers observed via endoscopic examination whereas, 6/23 horses had glandular ulcers at necropsy and on histopathology. The prevalence of EGUS is high in stalled yearling horses. The endoscopist may underestimate the number of gastric ulcers and may not be able accurately to predict the severity or depth of those ulcers present in the nonglandular equine stomach. Furthermore, the endoscopist may miss glandular gastric ulcers.  相似文献   

Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats following contact with infected dogs     

Dawson S  Jones D  McCracken CM  Gaskell RM  Hart CA  Gaskell CJ 《The Veterinary record》2000,146(2):46-48

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