Infection Process and Pathogenic Mechanism of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phomopsis asparagi</Emphasis>, the Asparagus Stem Blight Pathogen     

Ying-Qing Yang  Bo Lan  Yan-Li Jian  Dong-Dong Chang  Shun-Liang Zhang  Xiang-Min Li 《Phytoparasitica》2016,44(1):11-18

The infection process was explored by light and electron microscopy techniques, as well as bioassays assessing phytotoxins and cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that germ tubes of asparagus stem blight fungus were produced at 0-24 h after culture on dextrose agarose medium, and mycelia were formed at 24-48 h. Then, mycelia grew and spread continuously, making incursions into host tissues after 4 days. The conidial fructification began to form after 8 days. Subsequently, pycnidia were produced after about 12 days, with conidia released after about 16 days. Interestingly, through culture, extraction and bioassay of phytotoxin culture filtrates, no overt damage of asparagus tissues was found. As for cell wall-degrading enzymes, PG showed the highest activity, followed by Cx and PMG; PGTE and PMTE displayed the lowest activities. Finally, we demonstrated that permeable reducing sugars and relative electric conductivity in the culture increased after incubation in cell wall-degrading enzyme solutions, in an enzyme concentration dependent manner.  相似文献   

迭球螋对落叶松球蚜成虫的捕食作用     

马艳芳  张永强  常承秀  马慧  陈小玲  朱惠英  吴作斌 《植物保护》2016,42(1):116-118

在室内研究了捕食性天敌迭球螋成虫对落叶松球蚜成虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应。结果表明,迭球螋对落叶松球蚜成虫的捕食功能反应属HollingⅡ型;根据HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型Na=a·exp(-b/N)计算出最佳寻找密度22.47头/皿;利用Holling寻找效应与猎物密度关系式S=a/(1+aThN)计算了寻找效应,结果表明寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而降低;捕食作用率与其密度的关系为E=0.189 4P-0.3202;分摊竞争强度与其密度的关系为I=0.579 7lgP+0.000 8。  相似文献   

两个玉米自交系对纹枯病的抗病反应机制初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

戴浩  罗丽雅  张翠苹  孙小芳  龚国淑  张敏  常小丽 《植物保护》2016,42(4):34-42

玉米纹枯病是由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)引起的一种重要病害。具有优良性状的自交系是开展玉米抗病品种选育的重要种质资源。本试验以西南地区两个优良玉米自交系R08与18-599R为材料,采用人工接种R.solani菌丝融合群AG1-IA,对成株期玉米进行了抗性鉴定,并对病原菌诱导后苗期玉米叶片上的活性氧(ROS)、抗病相关基因(PR1、ZmDREB2A、ZmERF3和WIP1)表达及细胞坏死情况进行了动态检测。结果显示,R08对纹枯病表现为中抗,而18-599R为高感材料;受R.solani侵染后,玉米叶片ROS的积累在R08中较18-599R多;两个自交系中基因表达量及表达时间存在显著差异;R08叶片出现显著的细胞坏死反应,而18-599R相对较轻。本研究表明两个自交系对R.solani的抗性差异主要体现在相关抗病反应的时间和强度上,这为进一步研究玉米纹枯病抗病机理提供了依据。  相似文献   

吡虫啉与三种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的联合毒力   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

常静  张薇  李海平  周晓榕 《植物保护》2016,42(6):225-228

本文探讨了吡虫啉分别与氰戊菊酯、高效氟氯氰菊酯和联苯菊酯复配对马铃薯桃蚜的防治效果,为合理有效地应用复配剂对其进行化学防治提供依据。应用共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。采用共毒因子法测定结果表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯混配对马铃薯桃蚜防治有明显增效作用。进一步采用共毒系数法测定表明,吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯复配比例为2∶3时,增效作用最显著,共毒系数达276.82;吡虫啉与氰戊菊酯以6∶1复配时,表现出拮抗作用。  相似文献   

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

王秋菊  刘峰  高中超  姚春雨  张劲松  常本超  高盼  张春峰  贾会彬  焦峰  姜辉 《农业工程学报》2016,32(6):27-33

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。  相似文献   

Effects of temperature and dietary protein on the growth performance and IGF‐I mRNA expression of juvenile mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio)          下载免费PDF全文

J.F. Huang  Q.Y. Xu  Y.M. Chang 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2016,22(2):283-292

Juvenile mirror carp were fed with five different diets containing 303, 322, 341, 361 and 379 g kg^?1 protein and reared at three different water temperatures (18, 23 and 28 °C) for 60 days. We investigated the insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) mRNA expression, growth performance and the relationship between IGF‐I mRNA expression and the growth performance. The results indicated that the IGF‐I mRNA expression, final body weight, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) were enhanced significantly with increasing dietary protein levels (P < 0.05), whereas the protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) were decreased. Moreover, the IGF‐I mRNA expression, final body weight and SGR were increased significantly with temperature, whereas the HSI and VSI indices were decreased significantly with temperature. Correlation analysis showed that the IGF‐I mRNA expression levels in the brain and liver were positively related to the SGR and FE growth indices (P < 0.01). Finally, the optimal protein requirements for fish growth in different seasons were determined based on the values of SGR and FE, that is 343–348 g kg^?1 protein at 18 °C, 354–352 g kg^?1 at 23 °C and 371–362 g kg^?1 at 28 °C. In this way, we can adjust the dietary protein levels according to culture temperature to reduce any negative impacts on dietary costs and environmental pollution.  相似文献   

Multiple dietary administrating strategies of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on enhancing the immune responses and disease resistance of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii          下载免费PDF全文

Chin‐Chyuan Chang  Winton Cheng 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(1):140-152

The different products of Eichhornia crassipes leaves including dried E. crassipes powder (DEP), hot‐water treated E. crassipe (HTE), hot‐water extract of E. crassipe (ECE) and dreg of hot‐water extract of E. crassipe extract (dECE) were produced and incorporated into the diet of the prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, as an immunostimulant. Results showed that prawn fed the HTE‐, ECE‐ and dECE‐containing diets for 4 months had increased total haemocyte count, different haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity especially in HTE and ECE treatments. The phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Lactococcus garvieae of prawn fed the HTE‐ and ECE‐containing diets were significantly higher than those of prawn fed the control diet at 2–4 months. The relative percentage survival of prawn fed the DEP‐, HTE‐, ECE‐ and dECE‐containing diets for 4 months following 144 h challenging with L. garvieae were 19.0%, 38.1%, 38.1% and 33.3%. It was concluded that E. crassipes leaves containing an active component which was easily extracted by hot water can enhance innate immunity and resistance against pathogen of M. rosenbergii by dietary long‐term administration, and the administration of HTE in the diet was the best strategy due to the availability and convenience.  相似文献   

Towards sustainable exhibits – application of an inorganic fertilization method in coral reef fish larviculture in an aquarium          下载免费PDF全文

Kwee Siong Tew  Yun‐Chen Chang  Pei‐Jie Meng  Ming‐Yih Leu  David C Glover 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(9):2748-2756

Coral reef fish are collected from the wild and exhibited in aquaria worldwide. Some of the fish spawn in captivity; however, the eggs are usually neglected. In this study, we collected the eggs spawned naturally in the exhibit tanks, hatched and cultured them indoor in 2000‐L fibreglass tanks (initial density = 18 000 egg tank^?1). We applied an inorganic fertilization method commonly used in freshwater fish culture in raising these coral reef fish larvae. We maintained inorganic phosphorus concentration at 100 μg P L^?1 and inorganic nitrogen at 700 μg N L^?1 daily in the fertilized group (n = 4), while the control tanks (n = 4) were fed with rotifers (10 ind mL^?1). Chlorophyll a at particle sizes of both 0.45–20 μm and >20 μm, as well as NH₃‐N, NO₃‐N, and PO₄‐P concentrations were significantly higher in the fertilized group than the control. Zooplankton in the size groups of 10–50 μm (mainly flagellates) and 50–100 μm (mainly ciliates) were abundant (about 10~60 ind mL^?1) during 3–7 days in fertilized tanks. The average larval fish survival rate at 21 day after hatch in fertilized group was consistently higher than the control in two trials. The experiments demonstrated that the inorganic fertilization approach can be successfully adapted for coral reef fish culture in an aquarium to achieve sustainable exhibits.  相似文献   

供镁水平对烤烟生长及养分吸收的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

徐畅  陈祖富  高明  郑杰炳  陶春 《植物营养与肥料学报》2009,15(1):191-196

采用盆栽土培试验研究了不同供镁水平对烤烟生长和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,施MgSO4量为0.06～1.08 g/kg时,各处理烤烟的生长状况和干物质积累量明显优于对照和施MgSO4 1.88 g/kg。烤烟各器官对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少,各处理表现一致。施MgSO4量为0.18～0.72 g/kg的3个处理烤烟各器官对氮磷钾的吸收量明显高于其他处理,且在施MgSO4量为0.36 g/kg时达到峰值。当施MgSO4量较低（≤0.06 g/kg）或较高（MgSO4≥1.08 g/kg）时都会抑制烤烟的生长发育、干物质和养分的积累。而烤烟各器官对镁的吸收量则均表现出随施镁量增加而增加的趋势,且各器官镁吸收量表现为:叶＞茎＞根;镁肥的施用能够在一定程度上促进烤烟对镁素的吸收。  相似文献   

Trapping Cryptophlebia illepida and C. ombrodelta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in macadamia in Hawaii     

Vincent C. S. Chang 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):104-108

Abstract

Two species of Cryptophlebia found in Hawaii's macadamia orchards are active in different parts of a tree canopy. C. illepida (Butler) males were mostly caught in traps hung 1·5 m to 9.1 m from the ground; whereas C. ombrodelta (Lower) males were caught from 9.1 m to 15.2 m. A plastic, cylindrical sticky trap caught equal numbers of C. illepida males as Pherocon 1C traps but more than delta traps. A synthetic pheromone blend of 93% (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 4% (E)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 1% (Z)‐8‐dodecenol, and 2% (2)‐7‐dedecenyl acetate attracted more males than other blends. No significant differences were detected between the two Cryptophlebia species in their response to the four‐component pheromone blend when traps were hung 4.6 m from the ground.  相似文献