Strain-specific viral distribution and neuropathology of feline immunodeficiency virus     

Miller C  Bielefeldt-Ohmann H  MacMillan M  Huitron-Resendiz S  Henriksen S  Elder J  VandeWoude S 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,143(3-4):282-291

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally occurring lentivirus of domestic cats, and is the causative agent of feline AIDS. Similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the pathogenesis of FIV involves infection of lymphocytes and macrophages, and results in chronic progressive immune system collapse and death. Neuropathologic correlates of FIV infection have not yet been elucidated, and may be relevant to understanding HIV-associated neurologic disease (neuroAIDS). As in HIV, FIV strains have been shown to express differential tendencies towards development of clinical neuroAIDS. To interrogate viral genetic determinants that might contribute to neuropathogenicity, cats were exposed to two well-characterized FIV strains with divergent clinical phenotypes and a chimeric strain as follows: FIV(PPR) (PPR, relatively apathogenic but associated with neurologic manifestations), FIV(C36) (C36, immunopathogenic but without associated neurologic disease), and Pcenv (a chimeric virus consisting of a PPR backbone with substituted C36 env region). A sham inoculum control group was also included. Peripheral nerve conduction velocity, CNS imaging studies, viral loads and hematologic analysis were performed over a 12 month period. At termination of the study (350 days post-inoculation), brain sections were obtained from four anatomic locations known to be involved in human and primate lentiviral neuroAIDS. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation with seven markers of inflammation revealed that Pcenv infection resulted in mild inflammation of the CNS, microglial activation, neuronal degeneration and apoptosis, while C36 and PPR strains induced minimal neuropathologic changes. Conduction velocity aberrations were noted peripherally in all three groups at 63 weeks post-infection. Pcenv viral load in this study was intermediate to the parental strains (C36 demonstrating the highest viral load and PPR the lowest). These results collectively suggest that (i) 3' C36 genomic elements contribute to viral replication characteristics, and (ii) 5' PPR genomic elements contribute to CNS manifestations. This study illustrates the potential for FIV to provide valuable information about neuroAIDS pathogenesis related to genotype and viral kinetics, as well as to identify strains useful to evaluation of therapeutic intervention.  相似文献   

The effect of stifle angle on cranial tibial translation following tibial plateau leveling osteotomy: an in vitro experimental analysis     

Johnson K  Lanz O  Elder S  McLaughlin R  Werre S  Harper T 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2011,52(9):961-966

This study was designed to determine the ability of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) to eliminate cranial tibial translation (CTT) through a loaded range of motion. Twenty-four large-breed canine cadaver limbs were compared. Each limb was placed in a custom designed jig at 120° of stifle extension under an axial load of 20% body weight. A force of approximately 10 N/s mimiced the action of the quadriceps muscle and allowed the limb to move from 120° to maximal extension. Positional data were acquired using electromagnetic motion-tracking sensors. Each limb was tested under normal, cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-deficient, and TPLO-treated conditions. Cranial tibial translation significantly increased after transection of the CrCL. The TPLO failed to normalize CTT within the CrCL deficient stifle; however, values trended towards intact values throughout the range of motion. The TPLO was more effective at higher angles of flexion. These altered biomechanics may help explain the continued progression of osteoarthritis in TPLO repaired stifles. This loaded model may serve as a method for future evaluation of other surgical techniques.  相似文献   

MASTITIS IN SHEEP CAUSED BY ACTINOBACILLUS LIGNIERESI     

L. Laws  M.V.Sc. Jean K.  Elder B.Sc. 《Australian veterinary journal》1969,45(9):401-403

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Chlorpyrifos-methyl plus bioresmethrin; Methacrifos; Pirimiphos-methyl plus bioresmethrin; and synergised bioresmethrin as grain protectants for wheat     

Mervyn Bengston  Meville Connell  Richard A. H. Davies  James M. Desmarchelier  W. Brian Elder  Richard J. Hart  Mervyn P. Phillips  Edward G. Ridley  B. Eric Ripp  John T. Snelson  Rex Sticka 《Pest management science》1980,11(1):61-76

Field trials with various pesticide combinations were carried out on bulk wheat in commercial silos in Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. Laboratory bioassays on samples of treated grain at intervals over 8 months using malathion-susceptible and malathion-resistant strains established the following orders of efficacy: against Sitophilus oryzae (L.), chlorpyrifos-methyl 10 mg kg^?1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg^?1 = methacrifos 15 mg kg^?1 in aerated storage > pirimiphos-methyl 4 or 6 mg kg^?1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg^?1 = bioresmethrin 4 mg kg^?1 + piperonyl butoxide 16 mg kg^?1; against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), bioresmethrin 4 mg kg^?1 + piperonyl butoxide 16 mg kg^?1 > methacrifos 15 mg kg^?1 > chlorpyrifos-methyl 10 mg kg^?1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg^?1 = pirimiphos-methyl 4 or 6 mg kg^?1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg^?1. All treatments completely prevented production of progeny in Sitophilus granarius (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jackquelin du Val and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). The biological efficacy of methacrifos was greater and the rate of degradation lower in aerated than in non-aerated storage. Residue levels of all compounds were determined chemically and were below proposed international residue levels to be considered by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.  相似文献   

Effect of feeding the ionophores monensin and laidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium     

Edrington TS  Callaway TR  Bischoff KM  Genovese KJ  Elder RO  Anderson RC  Nisbet DJ 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(2):553-560

Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella are widely recognized as important agents of foodborne disease with worldwide distribution. The use of ionophores in feeding growing ruminants is widespread in the United States and has attracted recent interest due to the apparent temporal relationship between initial ionophore use and the increase in human E. coli O157:H7 cases. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of short-term feeding of ionophores on fecal shedding, intestinal concentrations, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium in growing lambs. Sixteen lambs were used in each experiment, four lambs per treatment group: monensin, laidlomycin propionate, bambermycin, and a control treatment. Lambs were fed a grain and hay (50:50) diet with their respective ionophore for 12 d before experimental inoculation with E. coli O157:H7 or S. typhimurium. Animals were maintained on their respective diets an additional 12 d, and fecal shedding of inoculated pathogens was monitored daily. Lambs were killed and tissues and contents were sampled from the rumen, cecum, and rectum. No differences (P > 0.05) in fecal shedding of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were observed due to treatment. Occurrence of Salmonella or E. coli in luminal contents and tissue samples from the rumen, cecum, and rectum did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Feeding monensin decreased (P < 0.05) the incidence of scours in sheep infected with Salmonella compared with the other treatments. No differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found in any of Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Results from these studies indicate that short-term ionophore feeding had very limited effects on E. coli and Salmonella shedding or on antimicrobial susceptibility in experimentally infected lambs.  相似文献   

The prevalence and distribution of leptospiral titres in cattle and pigs in Queensland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J K Elder  W H Ward 《Australian veterinary journal》1978,54(6):297-300

Serological test results for leptospiral species on serums from cattle and pigs performed by the diagnostic laboratories of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries from July 1973 to June 1976 were used to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of 3 leptospiral serotypes in Queensland. There was a higher prevalence of antibodies to L. hardjo than to L. pomona in cattle, whereas in pigs the prevalence of antibodies to L. pomona was much higher than that for L. tarassovi or L. hardjo. Feral pigs had a particularly high prevalence of L. pomona antibodies. There is a different geographical distribution of antibodies to L. pomona and L. hardjo. L. hardjo antibodies appear to be fairly uniformly distributed but there is a higher prevalence of L. pomona antibodies in low rainfall areas. This relationship was shown to be significantly correlated.  相似文献   

Assessment of the grain protectants chlorpyrifos-methyl plus bioresmethrin,fenitrothion plus (1R)-phenothrin,methacrifos and pirimiphos-methyl plus carbaryl under practical conditions in Australia     

James Desmarchelier  Mervyn Bengston  Richard Davies  Brian Elder  Richard Hart  Ronald Henning  William Murray  Edward Ridley  Eric Ripp  Charles Sierakowski  Rex Sticka  Jack Snelson  Barry Wallbank  Arnold Wilson 《Pest management science》1987,20(4):271-288

Methacrifos (22.5 g t^?1) and the three protectant combinations chlorpyrifos-methyl (10 g t^?1) plus bioresmethrin (1 g t^?1), fenitrothion (12 g t^?1) plus (1R)-phenothrin (2 g t^?1) and pirimiphos-methyl (4 g t^?1) plus carbaryl (8 g t^?1) were each applied to grain that was stored in at least 15 silos. Grain temperature and levels of protectant were regularly monitored, and samples from 12 storages using each treatment were taken for laboratory assays against Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium castaneum. Grain condition did not deteriorate during storage. Grain remained free of insects in 60 of the 63 storages treated; partial failure in the other 3 storages was attributed to low or irregular levels of protectant. The mean and range of residue values of all protectants were recorded as a function of time and the mean observed values corresponded to predicted values. In laboratory bioassay, the order of effectiveness against T. castaneum was methacrifos > chlorpyrifos-methyl plus bioresmethrin > fenitrothion plus (1R)-phenothrin = pirimiphos-methyl plus carbaryl. The order of effectiveness against R. dominica was carbaryl plus pirimiphos-methyl = (1R)-phenothrin plus fenitrothion > methacrifos > bioresmethrin plus chlorpyrifos-methyl.  相似文献   

Occurrence of haemolytic Escherichia coli serogroups and their relationship to pig diseases in Queensland     

J K Elder  L Tammemagi  I D Baynes 《Australian veterinary journal》1969,45(2):68-72

Serological examination of 177 strains of haemolytic Escherichia coil from pigs from 95 piggeries showed that 50 isolates from 28 piggeries were agglutinated by serums prepared against 0141:K85ab, 45 from 20 piggeries by 0141:K85ac, 32 isolates from 19 piggeries by 08 and four isolates from two piggeries by 0139:K82. Forty-six strains from 26 piggeries were unclassified. Ninety strains were isolated from intestine and/or mesenteric lymph nodes and 87 from other organs. Of the 95 outbreaks associated with haemolytic E. coli, 41 were diagnosed as oedema disease, 40 as coli-enteritis and the remainder were miscellaneous conditions. The clinical and pathological features of outbreaks associated with colibacillosis and septicaemic salmonellosis were compared and discussed.  相似文献   

Microdetermination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds     

Taylor WG  Elder JL  Chang PR  Richards KW 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(11):5206-5210

Sulfuric acid hydrolysis of steroidal glycosides of Amber fenugreek was studied by capillary gas chromatographic analysis of diosgenin [(25R)-spirost-5-en-3-ol] and isomeric spirostadiene artifacts from 100 mg samples of seed material. Following extraction with 80% ethanol, highest recoveries of diosgenin occurred when hydrolyses were conducted in sulfuric acid, prepared at 1 molar (M) concentration in water containing 60-80% 2-propanol. Compared to a previous method with aqueous hydrochloric acid, the selected conditions of hydrolysis at 100 degrees C for 2 h with sulfuric acid in 70% 2-propanol reduced diene formation but did not completely eliminate these artifacts. Extraction of steroidal saponins with various alcohol/water mixtures prior to sulfuric acid hydrolysis gave similar recoveries of diosgenin. Application of the quantitative method to experimental samples of Amber, Quatro, and ZT-5 fenugreek, using 10 mg subsamples of crushed seed that had been defatted with petroleum ether and dried at 60 degrees C, gave diosgenin levels of 0.55, 0.42, and 0.75%, respectively. Levels of smilagenin and sarsasapogenin were very low in hydrolyzed seed extracts from ZT-5, a Canadian breeder line of fenugreek.  相似文献   

Synthesis and testing of novel alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibitors with antifungal activity against Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel), the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa,and other phytopathogens     

Mario RO Barsottini  Brbara A Pires  Maria L Vieira  Jos GC Pereira  Paulo CS Costa  Jaqueline Sanit  Alessandro Coradini  Fellipe Mello  Cidnei Marschalk  Eder M Silva  Daniele Paschoal  Antonio Figueira  Fbio HS Rodrigues  Artur T Cordeiro  Paulo CML Miranda  Paulo SL Oliveira  Maurício L Sfora  Marcelo F Carazzolle  Silvana A Rocco  Gonalo AG Pereira 《Pest management science》2019,75(5):1295-1303

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