Proposals of the working group "Antibiotic resistance" for the configuration of microtitre plates to be used in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens from infections of large food-producing animals and mastitis cases     

Luhofer G  Böttner A  Hafez HM  Kaske M  Kehrenberg C  Kietzmann M  Klarmann D  Klein G  Krabisch P  Kühn T  Richter A  Sigge C  Traeder W  Waldmann KH  Wallmann J  Werckenthin C  Schwarz S;Arbeitsgruppe "Antibiotikaresistenz" 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,117(7-8):245-251

Two layouts for microtitre plates, which should serve for in-vitro susceptibility testing in routine diagnostics, have been set up by the working group "Antibiotic resistance" of the German Society for Veterinary Medicine. One of these layouts was designed for the testing of bacteria from cases of mastitis and the other for bacteria from infections in large food-producing animals. The choice of the antimicrobial agents and their concentrations to be included in these layouts were based on (1) the bacteria frequently associated with the respective diseases/animals, (2) the antimicrobial agents licensed for therapeutic use in these diseases/animals, (3) the currently available breakpoints, and (4) cross-resistances between the antimicrobial agerts so far known to occur in the respective bacteria.  相似文献   

Symmetrical crusting rash in a dog     

Ghisleni G  Nägeli-Schenker C  Caniatti M 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2003,32(1):19-21

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from animals: methods for in-vitro susceptibility testing and their suitability with regard to the generation of the most useful data for therapeutic applications     

Schwarz S  Böttner A  Hafez HM  Kehrenberg C  Kietzmann M  Klarmann D  Klein G  Krabisch P  Kühn T  Luhofer G  Richter A  Traeder W  Waldmann KH  Wallmann J  Werckenthin C 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(9-10):353-361

In-vitro susceptibility testing provides valuable informations for choosing the most suitable antimicrobial agent for the control of bacterial infections in animals. Different diffusion and dilution methods, as conducted according to various approved performance standards, can be used to determine the in-vitro susceptibility of bacterial pathogens. In the present article, problems are discussed which arise from the use of different methods and the difficulty to interpret such results. While most approved performance standards were designed for testing of bacteria from human sources, the NCCLS document M31-A2 exclusively focusses on susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from animals and--in contrast to all other standards--includes veterinary specific breakpoints for a number of antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine. Therefore, performance of in-vitro susceptibility testing of veterinary pathogens should follow the recommendations given in the NCCLS document M31-A2. The microdilution method is recommended as the method of choice for susceptibility testing. The result of a microdilution test is given as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). This value provides a quantitative result which precisely indicates the degree of susceptibility of the tested bacterial strain and in return gives the veterinarian a clear guidance whether therapeutic intervention with the antibiotic in question will be successful.  相似文献   

Partial purification and properties of an esterase from tomato cell suspension cultures hydrolysing the pyrethroid insecticide cyfluthrin     

Ursula Preiss  Peter R. Wallnfer  Gabriele Engelhardt 《Pest management science》1988,23(1):13-24

An esterase which hydrolyses the pyrethroid insecticide cyfluthrin, was isolated from tomato cell suspension cultures and purified 10-fold. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 32 000 Dalton, the pH-optimum 8-0, and the temperature optimum 35°C. The esterase showed a low substrate specificity and hydrolysed certain esters, e. g. ethyl 4-nitrobenzoate, p-nitrophenyl acetate and dinoseb acetate, whereas ethyl butyrate and the organophosphates demeton-S-methyl sulfoxide and paraoxon could not be hydrolysed. Because of the additional strong inhibition of the enzyme by these organophosphates the cyfluthrin hydrolase is suggested to belong to the B-esterase type. An apparent K_m-value of 6-25 × 10^?4 mol litre^?1 was obtained for p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate.  相似文献   

Fungicidal activity of a series of phenyl pyridyl ketoximes and their O-acetyl derivatives     

Gabriella Massolini  Mikes Kitsos  Carlo Gandini  Gabriele Caccialanza 《Pest management science》1989,26(2):209-214

The free oximes and acetyl derivatives of a series of 4-substituted phenyl pyridyl ketones were prepared and tested in vitro and in vivo against fungal plant pathogens of different taxonomic classes. All compounds exhibited an interesting activity against some or all of the test fungi. The best results were given by the acetyl derivatives.  相似文献   

Layout proposal for a microtitre plate to be used in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria from infections of dogs and cats     

Werckenthin C  Luhofer G  Böttner A  Gangl A  Goossens L  Hafez HM  Hartmann K  Kaske M  Kehrenberg C  Kietzmann M  Klarmann D  Klein G  Krabisch P  Kühn T  Richter A  Schulz B  Schwarz S  Sigge C  Traeder W  Waldmann KH  Jürgen W;Arbeitsgruppe Antibiotikaresistenz der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen;Gesellschaft 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2008,121(1-2):19-26

The determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations by broth microdilution is recommended as method of choice for susceptibility testing of veterinary bacterial pathogens. Accordingly, broth microdilution is used in veterinary routine diagnostic laboratories at a progressive rate. To reduce the costs of susceptibility testing, it is reasonable to develop widely accepted uniform microtitre plate layouts that are produced in large quantities. Such microtitre plate layouts have already been developed and published for the susceptibility testing of pathogens from food-producing animals. However, a microtitre plate layout, especially designed for the testing of bacteria from dogs and cats, should be available, too. The choice of the antimicrobial agents or combinations of antimicrobial agents to be included in a suitable layout should be based on the following criteria: (1) the approval and availability of an antimicrobial agent or combination of agents, (2) known cross-resistances, and (3) availability of approved clinical breakpoints. The latter point is of particular importance for the choice of the numbers of concentrations per antimicrobial agent tested and the range of test concentrations. Taking into account these aspects, a science-based layout proposal for microtitre plates, which are suitable for routine testing of bacteria from dogs and cats, is presented and discussed.  相似文献   

Uncertain water supply in an irrigated Mediterranean area: An analysis of the possible economic impact of climate change on the farm sector     

Gabriele Dono 《Agricultural Systems》2010,103(6):361-370

Analysis of the possible economic impact of climate change at the local level is becoming increasingly relevant to agricultural policy, in terms of the definition of new measures to sustain adaptation of the farm sector. This study focuses on a Mediterranean agricultural zone to evaluate the economic impact of rainfall regime changes that modify the accumulation of irrigation water in a dam. The objective is to identify farm typologies that suffer more from rainfall changes, in order to target policy measures that increase farm sector capability to adapt to climate change. First, an analysis of historical series is conducted for precipitation. The decreasing trend in annual precipitation, as well as an increase in monthly rainfall variability, is shown to have a statistically significant influence on the regime of water accumulation in the dam. Density functions representing this regime are estimated for several periods, including the 1960s-1970s, the current time and a time interval that extends to 2015. A comparison of these functions reveals an increase in variability of water accumulation in the dam through time. Parameters of these functions are used in three models of Discrete Stochastic Programming to represent different expectations of irrigation water availability and to simulate the possible reaction of the farm sector in the study area to the different scenarios. The simulation results show that both income and employment are noticeably reduced in some farm typologies when scenarios with higher variability levels for water accumulation in the dam are considered. In addition, changes in the use of soil are seen, the use of inputs declines and the quantity of extracted groundwater increases.  相似文献   

Benzofuran‐2‐acetic esters as a new class of natural‐like herbicides     

Fabrizio Araniti  Raffaella Mancuso  Antonio Lupini  Francesco Sunseri  Maria Rosa Abenavoli  Bartolo Gabriele 《Pest management science》2020,76(1):395-404

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Control of spawning activity in female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (L.) by temperature manipulation     

Boris Adrien de Lapeyre  reas Müller-Belecke  Gabriele Hörstgen-Schwark 《Aquaculture Research》2009,40(9):1031-1036

The aim of this study was to maximize the spawning of Oreochromis niloticus females in a specific time period. Females were divided randomly into control and treatment groups. In the treatment groups, females were kept for one week at 28±0.5 °C, after which they were exposed to a reduced water temperature of 22±0.5 °C for 7, 14 and 28 days. Thereafter, the temperature was restored to 28 °C. Females in the control groups were kept continuously at a water temperature of 28 °C. All females were checked daily for signs of spawning for the duration of the experiments and were manually stripped if ready to spawn. The following parameters were calculated for period of 3 and 7 days following a 28 °C temperature restoration: spawning rate, number of eggs per female, weight of female, relative fecundity (eggs g⁻¹ body weight) and the percentage of hatched and swim-up fry. The highest spawning rate of 39.5% was obtained in the 14-day trial over a period of 7 days, while the corresponding value in the control was 12.5%. The percentages of hatched and swim-up fry in the 14- and 28-day trials, however, were significantly higher in the controls than in the corresponding treatment groups.  相似文献   

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) as biomarkers for detection of Ceratocystis platani     

Federico Brilli  Nicola Luchi  Marco Michelozzi  Luca Calamai  Gabriele Cencetti  Francesco Pecori  Emanuele Nigrone  Alberto Santini 《Forest Pathology》2020,50(4)

Ceratocystis platani causes canker stain of plane trees, and it represents a serious disease of Platanus spp. both in the United States and Europe. Current chemical or biological controls do not effectively manage C. platani, so new preventive methods need to be developed in order to limit this pathogen spreading. In this work, we have characterized the main volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted in vitro from pure cultures of C. platani and other common pathogenic fungal species of hosts plants growing in the same ecosystems as plane trees. We found that C. platani emitted a similar blend of VOC compared with phylogenetically similar species C. populicola. In particular, C. platani was characterized by emission of isoamyl acetate and isobutyl acetate while C. populicola by ethyl acetate and isobutyl acetate, which were not released by any of the other out‐group fungal species grown on the same medium. Moreover, following a targeted approach based on the main VOC found in vitro, we have successfully validated in vivo that VOC uniquely emitted by C. platani (i.e. isobutyl acetate along with isoamyl alcohol) were released from the bark of plane trees following C. platani inoculation. Our results highlight the possibility to exploit VOC emitted specifically by C. platani as biomarkers to recognize Platanus x acerifolia plants infected by this pathogen.  相似文献