Antimycotic activities of selected plant flora,growing wild in Lebanon,against phytopathogenic fungi     

Abou-Jawdah Y  Sobh H  Salameh A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(11):3208-3213

Petroleum ether (PE) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. The efficacy of PE extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than that of methanolic extracts. Wild marjoram (Origanum syriacum) PE extract showed the highest and widest range of activity. It resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete inhibition of spore germination of the six fungi included in the assay, namely, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, and Verticillium dahlia. The other plant extracts showed differential activities in the spore germination test, but none was highly active against mycelial growth. Inula viscosa and Mentha longifolia were highly effective (>88%) in spore germination tests against five of six fungi tested, whereas Centaurea pallescens, Cichorium intybus, Eryngium creticum, Salvia fruticosa, and Melia azedarach showed >95% inhibition of spore germination in at least two fungi. Foeniculum vulgare showed the least antimycotic activity. Fractionation followed by autobiography on TLC plates using Cladosporium sp. as a test organism showed that O. syriacum PE extracts contained three inhibition zones, and those of Inula viscosa and Cichorium intybus, two, whereas the PE extracts of the remaining plants showed each one inhibition zone. Some of the major compounds present in these inhibition zones were identified by GC-MS. The possibility for using these extracts, or their mixtures, to control plant diseases is discussed.  相似文献   

The effects of container geometry on water and heat regimes in soilless culture: lettuce as a case study     

Hadar Heller  Asher Bar-Tal  Shmuel Assouline  Kfir Narkis  Shoshana Suryano  Amandine de la Forge  Mordechai Barak  Hana Alon  Moshe Bruner  Shabtai Cohen  Dov Tsohar 《Irrigation Science》2015,33(1):53-65

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Historical feeding analysis in fish farming based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio in sediment     

YOSHIHIRO  YAMADA  HISASHI  YOKOYAMA  YUKA  ISHIHI  MASANORI  AZETA 《Fisheries Science》2003,69(1):213-215

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Effects of FK506 and rapamycin on formation of the neural tube in chick embryos     

Koji OBATA  Masafumi KOIDE  Kohzo NAGATA  Akio IIO  Shigenobu YAZAWA  Tamao ONO  Shin-ichi SASAKI  Yoshiji YAMADA  Rocky S. TUAN  Mitsuhiro YOKOTA 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(3):229-234

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Experimental infection of pigs with different doses of the African swine fever virus Armenia 07 strain by intramuscular injection and direct contact     

Manabu YAMADA  Kentaro MASUJIN  Ken-ichiro KAMEYAMA  Reiko YAMAZOE  Takashi KUBO  Kei IWATA  Aiko TAMURA  Hiroyuki HIBI  Takayoshi SHIRATORI  Shunjiro KOIZUMI  Kousuke OHASHI  Mitsutaka IKEZAWA  Takehiro KOKUHO  Makoto YAMAKAWA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2020,82(12):1835

We experimentally infected pigs with the African swine fever virus (ASFV) Armenia 07 strain (genotype II) to analyze the effect of different dose injections on clinical manifestations, virus-shedding patterns, histopathology, and transmission dynamics by direct contact. Each three pigs and four pigs were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 fifty percent hemadsorbing doses (HAD₅₀)/ml, 10¹ HAD₅₀/ml and 10⁶ HAD₅₀/ml of ASFV Armenia 07 strain, respectively. Each two of three pigs injected with 0.1 HAD₅₀/ml and 10¹ HAD₅₀/ml died by 10 days post inoculation. All pigs had a gross lesion of splenomegaly. Perigastric and renal lymph nodes were enlarged and resembled blood clots in nine of ten pigs. It was revealed that 0.1 HAD₅₀/ml of this ASFV was sufficient to infect healthy pigs by intramuscular injection and caused sub-acute lethal disease. For the transmission study, two 8-week-old pigs were injected intramuscularly with 10³ HAD₅₀/ml of the same virus. Each of the experimentally inoculated pigs was co-housed with two 8-week-old naive pigs. All contact pigs exhibited clinical manifestations at 6 or 7 days after the experimentally inoculated pigs developed pyrexia. These findings suggest that this strain may spread slowly within a herd. Histologically, lymph nodes resembled blood clots were formed by severe blood absorption and followed hemorrhage result of disruption of the lymphoid sinus filling with absorbed red blood cells. The severity of the gross and histological lesions depended on duration after infection, regardless of the difference of injection doses in this study.  相似文献   

Human-carnivore coexistence in a traditional rural landscape     

Ine Dorresteijn  Jan Hanspach  Attila Kecskés  Hana Latková  Zsófia Mezey  Szilárd Sugár  Henrik von Wehrden  Joern Fischer 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(7):1145-1155

Facilitating human-carnivore coexistence is a major conservation concern in human-dominated landscapes worldwide. Useful insights could be gained by studying and understanding the dynamics of human-carnivore coexistence in landscapes in which carnivores and humans have coexisted for a long time. We used a two-pronged approach combining ecological and social data to study coexistence of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and humans in Transylvania, Romania. First, we surveyed 554 km of walking transects to estimate activity via a bear sign index, namely the proportion of anthills disturbed by bears, and used spatially explicit predictive models to test which biophysical and anthropogenic variables influenced bear activity. Second, we interviewed 86 shepherds and 359 villagers and community representatives to assess conflicts with bears and attitudes of shepherds towards bears. Our interdisciplinary study showed that bears and humans coexisted relatively peacefully despite occasional conflicts. Coexistence appeared to be facilitated by: (1) the availability of large forest blocks that are connected to the source population of bears in the Carpathian Mountains; (2) the use of traditional livestock management to minimize damage from bears; and (3) some tolerance among shepherds to occasional conflict with bears. In contrast, bear activity was unrelated to human settlements, and compensation for livestock losses did not influence people’s attitudes toward bears. Our study shows that coexistence of humans and carnivores is possible, even without direct economic incentives. A key challenge for settings with a discontinuous history of human-carnivore coexistence is to reinstate both practices and attitudes that facilitate coexistence.  相似文献   

SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica is required for the suppression of porcine alveolar macrophage cytokine expression     

Pavlova B  Volf J  Ondrackova P  Matiasovic J  Stepanova H  Crhanova M  Karasova D  Faldyna M  Rychlik I 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):16

ABSTRACT: Genes localized at Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) are involved in Salmonella enterica invasion of host non-professional phagocytes. Interestingly, in macrophages, SPI-1-encoded proteins, in addition to invasion, induce cell death via activation of caspase-1 which also cleaves proIL-1β and proIL-18, precursors of 2 proinflammatory cytokines. In this study we were therefore interested in whether SPI-1-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) may influence proinflammatory response of macrophages. To test this hypothesis, we infected primary porcine alveolar macrophages with wild-type S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis and their isogenic SPI-1 deletion mutants. ΔSPI1 mutants of both serovars invaded approx. 5 times less efficiently than the wild-type strains and despite this, macrophages responded to the infection with ΔSPI1 mutants by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, TNFα, IL-23α and GM-CSF. Identical macrophage responses to that induced by the ΔSPI1 mutants were also observed to the infection with sipB but not the sipA mutant. The hilA mutant exhibited an intermediate phenotype between the ΔSPI1 mutant and the wild-type S. Enteritidis. Our results showed that the SPI-1-encoded T3SS is required not only for cell invasion but in macrophages also for the suppression of early proinflammatory cytokine expression.  相似文献   

Effects of a single intraperitoneal administration of cadmium on femoral bone structure in male rats     

Monika Martiniaková  Hana Chovancová  Radoslav Omelka  Birgit Grosskopf  Róbert Toman 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):49

Background

Exposure to cadmium (Cd) is considered a risk factor for various bone diseases in humans and experimental animals. This study investigated the acute effects of Cd on femoral bone structure of adult male rats after a single intraperitoneal administration.

Methods

Ten 4-month-old male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 2 mg CdCl₂/kg body weight and killed 36 h after the Cd had been injected. Ten 4-month-old males served as a control group. Differences in body weight, femoral weight, femoral length and histological structure of the femur were evaluated between the two groups of rats. The unpaired Student''s t-test was used for establishment of statistical significance.

Results

A single intraperitoneal administration of Cd had no significant effect on the body weight, femoral weight or femoral length. On the other hand, histological changes were significant. Rats exposed to Cd had significantly higher values of area, perimeter, maximum and minimum diameters of the primary osteons'' vascular canals and Haversian canals. In contrast, a significant decrease in all variables of the secondary osteons was observed in these rats.

Conclusions

The results indicate that, as expected, a single intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg CdCl₂/kg body weight had no impact on macroscopic structure of rat''s femora; however, it affected the size of vascular canals of primary osteons, Haversian canals, and secondary osteons.  相似文献   

Influence of the lipopolysaccharide structure of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis on interactions with pig neutrophils     

Matiasovic J  Stepanova H  Volf J  Kubala L  Ovesna P  Rychlik I  Faldyna M 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,150(1-2):167-172

The key process for immune response development is the recognition of bacteria by the immune system of the host based on the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). One of the most important PAMP is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule, a complex molecule present in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. In this study we were interested in how different parts of the LPS of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis are recognized by porcine neutrophils. To this aim, we constructed S. Enteritidis mutants with rfaL and rfaC genes disabled in the attachment of the O-antigen and in the synthesis of the inner oligosaccharide core of LPS, respectively. We found that in the absence of serum, both the rfa mutants associated with neutrophils and stimulated them for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production significantly more than the wild-type strain. Addition of polymyxin B, which neutralized lipid A, the endotoxic moiety of LPS, effectively decreased the association of the wild-type strain and the rfaC mutant with neutrophils, but not the rfaL mutant. This indicates that the oligosaccharide core newly exposed on the surface in the rfaL mutant, protected from interaction in the wild-type strain by the O-antigen but completely absent in the rfaC mutant, may represent a new ligand for porcine neutrophils that cannot be neutralized by polymyxin B.  相似文献   

Short-term watering-distance and symmetry effects on root and shoot growth of bell pepper plantlets   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Avraham Meiri  Boris NaftalievDavid Shmuel  Hana YechezkelGregory Communar  Shmulik P. Friedman 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(10):1557-1568

Drip lines were located at distances ranging from 0 to 60 cm from one or both sides of a row of pepper plantlets, and we monitored the effects on their shoot development during 76 days from transplanting to full-size first fruits, on the final root system, and on the areal water and salt distributions in the upper 15-cm soil layer. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a sandy soil, and excess fresh water (1.9 L d⁻¹ per plant) was applied via short daily irrigations. In addition, the effects of watering distance and symmetry on the potential water uptake rate were analyzed with a coupled-source-sink steady flow and uptake model. Initial faster shoot growth with the one-side system and short distances progressively changed to faster growth with the two-side system and longer watering distances, with the optimum at 30-40 cm. These temporal changes are attributed to temporal changes in the root uptake of irrigation water: small plants with small root systems benefit from the larger water supply to a smaller soil volume provided by the one-side system, whereas larger plants with greater water needs could extract more irrigation water when they developed larger, split root systems in the two-side irrigation. Balanced root systems and maximal shoot growth can be obtained by starting the irrigation with a line on each side, near the plants, and moving the lines after a short time.  相似文献