Methane emission from stored dairy manure slurry and slurry after digestion by methane digester   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Kazutaka UMETSU  Yoshiaki KIMURA  Junichi TAKAHASHI  Tadashi KISHIMOTO  Takeshi KOJIMA  Bruce YOUNG 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(1):73-79

To examine the effect of storage temperature on the emission of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and on recovery of nutrients from raw dairy manure slurry (RS) and slurry digested in a methane digester (DS), both slurries were stored in closed 100 L steel tanks under psychrophilic conditions (5, 10, 15 and 20°C) for a 150 day period. As the storage temperature increased, total methane emission increased in both types of slurry. The amount of methane emitted per unit of volatile solids of the RS and DS was 0.19 L/g and 0.10 L/g, respectively. The respective carbon dioxide emissions were 0.20 L/g for RS and 0.12 L/g for DS at 20°C of storage temperature. At temperatures greater than 15°C, the methane concentration in the emitted gas remained more than 40% of the total gas. During the experimental period, in excess of 90% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen in these slurries was recovered (91.4–93.7% for RS and 93.7–98.4% for DS) after storage, and ammonium nitrogen was recovered in excess of 100% (100.1–143.2% for RS and 106.7–143.2% for DS storage tanks) because of the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the influent. These results indicate that manure slurry characteristics and storage temperature have significant impacts on methane emission. It can be concluded that on typical farms located in northern Japan, methane emission from manure storage tanks during late fall, winter and early spring may be negligible, because of manure temperatures less than 10°C. During late spring, summer and early fall, methane emissions can be substantially reduced by using underground storage to maintain lower manure temperatures.  相似文献   

Varietal traits limiting the grain yield of tropical maize     

Junichi Yamaguchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1):69-78

Tropical maize varieties were grown at a tropical lowland location in various -seasons and at a highland location in Mexico to study the general growth pattern of tropical maize. The following results were obtained.

1. The tropical maize variety grown at the lowland location in summer was characterized by (a) a high growth rate and a short growth duration, (b) a small leaf area duration during maturing, (c) a sizable loss of dry weight at late maturity, (d) a low harvest index, and (e) a small number of kernels formed per unit field area. Although these characters may be interrelated, the predominant cause of the former two appear to be environmental and that of the latter three, genetic.

2. The grain yield of tropical maize grown at the lowland location in summer was low mostly because of a small number of kernels and maybe also because of short leaf area duration. The senescence of leaves after silking was rapid and the growth duration was short under high temperatures.

3. Although the number of kernels was small, grain yield was higher at the highland than at the lowland location, and also was higher in the winter than in the summer plantings at the lowland location. At the highland location or in winter, the longer growth duration and the longer leaf area duration compensated for the smaller crop growth rate and resulted in a larger dry matter production after silking and a higher grain yield. Larger kernel size also contributed to the higher yield of highland maize.  相似文献   

Analysis of ultrastructural glomerular basement membrane lesions and podocytes associated with proteinuria and sclerosis in Osborne-Mendel rats with progressive glomerulonephropathy     

Kyohei Yasuno  Junichi Kamiie  Kinji Shirota 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2013,14(2):223-226

The renal glomeruli of 12 male Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats 3 to 24 weeks old were examined by electron microscopy. Effacement of podocyte foot processes (FPs) developed at 3 weeks of age and became progressively worse over time. Loss or dislocation of the slit membrane was also found. Vacuoles and osmiophilic lysosomes appeared in the podocytes starting at 6 weeks of age. Podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was apparent at 18 weeks of age. Laminated GBM was occasionally observed in all animals. These features might lead to the development of spontaneous proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in OM rats.  相似文献   

An acetylenic alkaloid from the calcareous sponge Leucetta sp     

Hermawan I  de Voogd NJ  Tanaka J 《Marine drugs》2011,9(3):382-386

A new acetylenic alkaloid was isolated from the sponge Leucetta sp. The structure was established by analyzing spectroscopic data. The alkaloid showed cytotoxicity IC₅₀ 2.5 μg/mL against NBT-T2 cells.  相似文献   

Quantitative trait loci for rice blast resistance detected in a local rice breeding population by genome-wide association mapping     

Hiroshi Shinada  Toshio Yamamoto  Hirokazu Sato  Eiji Yamamoto  Kiyosumi Hori  Junichi Yonemaru  Takashi Sato  Kenji Fujino 《Breeding Science》2015,65(5):388-395

Plant breeding programs aim to develop cultivars with high adaptability to the specific conditions in a local region. As a result, unique genes and gene combinations have been accumulated in local elite breeding populations during the long history of plant breeding. Genetic analyses on such genes and combinations may be useful for developing new cultivars with more-desirable agronomic traits. Here, we attempted to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for rice blast resistance (BR) using a local breeding rice population from Hokkaido, Japan. Using genotyping data on single nucleotide polymorphisms and simple sequence repeat markers distributed throughout the whole genomic region, we detected genetic regions associated with phenotypic variation in BR by a genome-wide association mapping study (GWAS). An additional association analysis using other breeding cultivars verified the effect and inheritance of the associated region. Furthermore, the existence of a gene for BR in the associated region was confirmed by QTL mapping. The results from these studies enabled us to estimate potential of the Hokkaido rice population as a gene pool for improving BR. The results of this study could be useful for developing novel cultivars with vigorous BR in rice breeding programs.  相似文献   

Optimal sampling strategies for evaluating fruit softening after harvest in apple breeding   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hiroshi Iwanami  Makoto Ishiguro  Nobuhiro Kotoda  Sae Takahashi  Junichi Soejima 《Euphytica》2005,144(1-2):169-175

Environmental variance components associated with year, tree, and harvest date were estimated for fruit softening after harvest in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) to determine their relative importance and design optimum sampling strategies to discriminate genotypes in apple breeding. Fruit were stored after harvest under 20± 2 ^∘C and 80± 5%RH. Softening was evaluated by adapting the change in firmness during storage to a linear regression and defining the regression coefficient as the softening rate. Environmental variances associated with genotype × year interaction, among trees, year × tree interaction, and among harvest dates were all very small, namely, 2.7, 0.1, 5.2, and 5.7%, respectively, to the total variance obtained from the analysis of variance for the softening rate. The variance associated with genotype, at 57.3%, was very large. On the basis of the number of fruit necessary for firmness measurements, two times harvest is an efficient strategy to determine a genotype mean for the softening.  相似文献   

Evaluation of Premature Mortality Caused by Exposure to PM2.5 and Ozone in East Asia: 2000, 2005, 2020     

Amin Nawahda  Ken Yamashita  Toshimasa Ohara  Junichi Kurokawa  Kazuyo Yamaji 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(6):3445-3459

The aim of this study is to assess the premature mortality risks caused by exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5???m (PM_2.5) and ozone elevated concentrations for the years?2000, 2005, and 2020 in East Asia. The spatial distributions and temporal variations of PM_2.5 and ozone concentrations are simulated using the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System coupled with the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia. The premature mortality risks caused by exposure to PM_2.5 and ozone are calculated based on a relative risk (RR) value of 1.04 (95?% confidence interval (CI): 1.01?C1.08) for PM_2.5 concentrations above the annual mean limit of 10???g?m^?3 taken from the World Health Organization?CAir Quality Guideline and based on a RR value of 1.003 (95?% CI: 1.001?C1.004) for ozone concentration above 35?ppb of the SOMO35 index (the sum of ozone daily maximum 8-h mean concentrations above 35?ppb). We demonstrate one of the implications of the policy making in the area of environmental atmospheric management in East Asia by highlighting the annual premature mortalities associated with exposure to PM_2.5 concentrations that just meet an annual mean concentration of 10???g?m^?3, as well as ozone concentrations that have a daily zero SOMO35 index in vulnerable places. Our results point to a growing health risk that may endanger human life in East Asia. We find that the effect of PM_2.5 on human health is greater than the effect of ozone for the age group of 30?years and above. We estimate the corresponding premature mortality due to the effects of both ozone and PM_2.5 in East Asia for the years?2000 and 2005 to be around 316,000 and 520,000 cases, respectively. For future scenarios of the year?2020, policy succeed case, reference, and policy failed case, the estimated annual premature mortality rates are 451,000, 649,000, and 1,035,000 respectively.  相似文献   

Lack of exposed ice inside lunar south pole Shackleton Crater   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Haruyama J  Ohtake M  Matsunaga T  Morota T  Honda C  Yokota Y  Pieters CM  Hara S  Hioki K  Saiki K  Miyamoto H  Iwasaki A  Abe M  Ogawa Y  Takeda H  Shirao M  Yamaji A  Josset JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5903):938-939

The inside of Shackleton Crater at the lunar south pole is permanently shadowed; it has been inferred to hold water-ice deposits. The Terrain Camera (TC), a 10-meter-resolution stereo camera onboard the Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE) spacecraft, succeeded in imaging the inside of the crater, which was faintly lit by sunlight scattered from the upper inner wall near the rim. The estimated temperature of the crater floor, based on the crater shape model derived from the TC data, is less than approximately 90 kelvin, cold enough to hold water-ice. However, at the TC's spatial resolution, the derived albedo indicates that exposed relatively pure water-ice deposits are not on the crater floor. Water-ice may be disseminated and mixed with soil over a small percentage of the area or may not exist at all.  相似文献   

Disease resistance and hypocholesterolemia in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata fed a non-fishmeal diet     

Masashi Maita  Junichi Maekawa  Koh-ichi Satoh  Kunihiko Futami  Shuichi Satoh 《Fisheries Science》2006,72(3):513-519

ABSTRACT:   The physiology of yellowtail fed a non-fishmeal diet was examined, with a specific interest in the role of taurine in disease resistance and cholesterol metabolism. Decrease of disease resistance in fish fed a non-fishmeal diet was confirmed by mortality due to natural infection with pseudotuberculosis and artificial infection with Lactococcus garvieae . It is suggested that the most important symptoms related to decrease of disease resistance in fish fed a non-fishmeal diet is anemia. Anemia was improved by supplementation with taurine. Significant elevation of relative expression of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA in fish fed a non-fishmeal diet suggests that cholesterol synthesis would be activated and not dysfunctional. Plasma cholesterol of these fish was elevated to the levels of control fish by supplementation of both cholesterol and taurine. These results suggest that hypocholesterolemia observed in fish fed a non-fishmeal diet compared with a fishmeal diet would be caused by insufficient dietary cholesterol and decrease of endogenous cholesterol due to the lack of dietary taurine.  相似文献