Factors associated with the clinical diagnosis of foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the UK     

McLaws M  Ribble C  Martin W  Stephen C 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2006,77(1-2):65-81

The purpose of this investigation was to identify factors associated with the clinical diagnosis of foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom. Using logistic regression, we compared: (1) reports of suspect disease that resulted in the declaration of FMD to reports that did not, and (2) laboratory-positive cases to laboratory-negative cases. From 6,801 reports of suspect disease, 2,026 cases of FMD were identified. Suspect cases were more likely to become clinical cases if: (1) the report originated from the disease control authorities ('active surveillance') rather than the public, usually farmers ('passive surveillance'); (2) cattle were the species suspected of disease, as opposed to sheep; (3) the report was filed during the peak of the epidemic; (4) the reporting premises was within 3 km of an FMD case detected within the previous 2 weeks; or (5) the report originated from certain local disease control centres. There were significant two-way interactions between: type of surveillance and species suspected of disease, type of surveillance and proximity of other infected premises, species suspected and time in the epidemic, and time in the epidemic and proximity of other infected premises. Clinical cases were more likely to be laboratory positive if: (1) they were found by passive versus active surveillance, (2) cattle were suspected of disease (versus sheep), (3) oldest lesions were less than 3 days, (4) the report was filed at any time other than the peak of the epidemic, or (5) the report originated from certain local disease control centres. Significant two-way interactions were found between: type of surveillance and species suspected of disease, and type of surveillance and time in the epidemic.  相似文献   

Similarity of nutrient uptake and root dimensions of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir at two contrasting sites in Colorado     

Ruth D. Yanai  Karis J. McFarlane  Melissa S. Lucash  Sarah E. Kulpa  Dustin M. Wood 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

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Losses of essential mineral nutrients by polishing of rice differ among genotypes due to contrasting grain hardness and mineral distribution     

Thomas H. Hansen  Enzo Lombi  Melissa Fitzgerald  Kristian H. Laursen  Jens Frydenvang  Søren Husted  Chanthakhone Boualaphanh  Adoracion Resurreccion  Daryl L. Howard  Martin D. de Jonge  David Paterson  Jan K. Schjoerring 《Journal of Cereal Science》2012

The effect of different polishing techniques on loss of mineral elements from rice grains was quantified using a panel of indica and tropical japonica genotypes, previously classified as differing in ease of polishing. Gradients in mineral elements across the bran-endosperm interface were quantified using micro-scaled precision abrasive polishing in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Frictional polishing, similar to that of commercial mills, i.e. 8–10% loss of grain weight, reduced the concentration of Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn by 60–80% in all genotypes. Following gentler polishing (3–5% weight loss), genotypes classified as difficult to polish showed smaller decreases in Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn compared to genotypes classified as easy to polish. The concentration of other elements, e.g. Zn, S, Ca, Cu, Mo and Cd, showed comparable reductions (<30%) irrespective of polishing technique or ease of polishing. The different patterns of polishing losses of minerals reflected their distribution within the grain. Five-fold differences in the reduction of Zn concentration during polishing were observed for different genotypes which started with similar Zn concentrations in the unpolished grain, thus showing clear potential for selecting genotypes with reduced polishing losses of Zn.  相似文献   

Induction dose and recovery quality of propofol and alfaxalone with or without midazolam coinduction followed by total intravenous anesthesia in dogs     

PenTing Liao  Melissa Sinclair  Alexander Valverde  Cornelia Mosley  Heather Chalmers  Shawn Mackenzie  Brad Hanna 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1016-1026

Objectives

To compare propofol and alfaxalone, with or without midazolam, for induction of anesthesia in fentanyl-sedated dogs, and to assess recovery from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA).

Study design

Prospective, incomplete, Latin-square study.

Animals

Ten dogs weighing 24.5 ± 3.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).

Methods

Dogs were randomly assigned to four treatments: treatment P-M, propofol (1 mg kg^?1) and midazolam (0.3 mg kg^?1); treatment P-S, propofol and saline; treatment A-M, alfaxalone (0.5 mg kg^?1) and midazolam; treatment A-S, alfaxalone and saline, administered intravenously (IV) 10 minutes after fentanyl (7 μg kg^?1) IV. Additional propofol or alfaxalone were administered as necessary for endotracheal intubation. TIVA was maintained for 35–55 minutes by infusions of propofol or alfaxalone. Scores were assigned for quality of sedation, induction, extubation and recovery. The drug doses required for intubation and TIVA, times from sedation to end of TIVA, end anesthesia to extubation and to standing were recorded. Analysis included a general linear mixed model with post hoc analysis (p < 0.05).

Results

Significant differences were detected in the quality of induction, better in A-M than A-S and P-S, and in P-M than P-S; in total intubation dose, lower in P-M (1.5 mg kg^?1) than P-S (2.1 mg kg^?1), and A-M (0.62 mg kg^?1) than A-S (0.98 mg kg^?1); and lower TIVA rate in P-M (268 μg kg^?1 minute^?1) than P-S (310 μg kg^?1 minute^?1). TIVA rate was similar in A-M and A-S (83 and 87 μg kg^?1 minute^?1, respectively). Time to standing was longer after alfaxalone than propofol, but was not influenced by midazolam.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Addition of midazolam reduced the induction doses of propofol and alfaxalone and improved the quality of induction in fentanyl-sedated dogs. The dose rate of propofol for TIVA was decreased.  相似文献   

Influence of intravenous regional limb perfusion with amikacin sulfate on Staphylococcus aureus bioburden in distal limb wounds in horses          下载免费PDF全文

Russell B. Freeland  Samantha L. Morello  Melissa DeLombaert  Victora Rajamanickam 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2017,46(5):663-674

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Important Sensory Properties Differentiating Premium Rice Varieties   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

Elaine T. Champagne  Karen L. Bett-Garber  Melissa A. Fitzgerald  Casey C. Grimm  Jeanne Lea  Ken’ichi Ohtsubo  Supanee Jongdee  Lihong Xie  Priscila Zaczuk Bassinello  Adoracion Resurreccion  Rauf Ahmad  Fatemah Habibi  Russell Reinke 《Rice》2010,3(4):270-281

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Intraspecific variation in 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma synoviae determined by DNA sequencing     

Buim MR  Buzinhani M  Yamaguti M  Oliveira RC  Mettifogo E  Timenetsky J  Ferreira AJ 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2010,33(1):15-23

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important avian pathogen may cause both respiratory disease and joint inflammation synovitis in poultry, causing economic losses to the Brazilian poultry industry. The genotypic variation in 16S rRNA gene is unknown. Partial sequences of 16S rRNA gene of 19 strains of M. synoviae were sequenced and analyzed in order to obtain molecular characterization and evaluation of the genetic variability of strains from distinct Brazilian areas of poultry production. Different polymorphic patterns were observed. The number of polymorphic alterations in the studied strains ranged from 0 to 6. The nucleotide variations, including deletion, insertion and substitutions, ranged from 3 to 5. The genotypic diversity observed in this study may be explained by spontaneous mutations that may occur when a lineage remains in the same flock for long periods. The culling and reposition in poultry flocks may be responsible for the entry of new strains in different areas.  相似文献   

Comparison of regular insulin infusion doses in critically ill diabetic cats: 29 cases (1999–2007)     

Melissa A. Claus DVM  Deborah C. Silverstein DVM  DACVECC  Frances S. Shofer PhD  Matthew S. Mellema PhD  DVM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2010,20(5):509-517

Objective – To compare biochemical parameters, neurologic changes, length of hospital stay, and clinical improvement in 3 groups of cats with diabetic ketosis/diabetic ketoacidosis (DK/DKA) prescribed varied doses of regular insulin as a continuous rate of infusion (CRI). Design – Retrospective study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Twenty‐nine client‐owned cats with DK/DKA prescribed a regular insulin CRI. Interventions – Cats were grouped as follows: 7 cats each in Group 1 and 2, (prescribed 1.1 and 2.2 U/kg/d, respectively), and 15 cats in Group 3 (prescribed increasing doses as needed). Measurements and Main Results – None of the groups received the total prescribed dose of insulin. The mean actual dose administered/kg/d ranged from 0.30 (0.21) to 0.87 (0.32) U/kg/d in Groups 1, 2, and 3. There was no difference in mean minimum blood glucose (BG) per 4 hours or change in BG from baseline per 4 hours between Groups 1 and 2 (P=0.63, 0.50). There was no difference between groups regarding the time required to reach a BG ≤13.9 mmol/L (250 mg/dL), serum phosphorus or potassium concentrations relative to baseline values (P=0.53, 0.90), length of time until urine or serum ketones were no longer detected (P=0.73), the animal commenced eating (P=0.24), or length of hospital stay (P=0.63). Four of the cats had declining mentation during hospitalization; there were no relationships between osmolality at presentation, either prescribed or administered insulin dose, and mentation changes. Three of the 4 cats with declining mentation survived. Twenty‐seven of the 29 cats (93%) survived to discharge. Conclusions – In this study, prescribing the published canine dose (2.2 U/kg/d) of regular insulin to cats with DK/DKA does not appear to increase the frequency of adverse neurologic or biochemical sequelae compared with cats that are prescribed the published cat dose (1.1 U/kg/d). The use of a sliding scale for determination of infusion rates significantly reduces the amount of insulin cats receive in this setting. Determination of whether adverse sequelae would occur more frequently if cats with DK/DKA received the full insulin prescribed doses of 1.1, 2.2, or >2.2 U/kg/d is warranted. Further controlled studies are necessary to determine if higher doses of insulin are associated with beneficial effects on morbidity or mortality.  相似文献   

Collagen fibril alignment and deformation during tensile strain of leather: a small-angle X-ray scattering study     

Basil-Jones MM  Edmonds RL  Norris GE  Haverkamp RG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(5):1201-1208

The distribution and effect of applied strain on the collagen fibrils that make up leather may have an important bearing on the ultimate strength and other physical properties of the material. While sections of ovine and bovine leather were being subjected to tensile strain up to rupture, synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) spectra were recorded edge-on to the leather at points from the corium to the grain. Measurements of both fibril orientation and collagen d spacing showed that, initially, the fibers reorient under strain, becoming more aligned. As the strain increases (5-10% strain), further fibril reorientation diminishes until, at 37% strain, the d spacing increases by up to 0.56%, indicating that significant tensile forces are being transmitted to individual fibrils. These changes, however, are not uniform through the cross-section of leather and differ between leathers of different strengths. The stresses are taken up more evenly through the leather cross-section in stronger leathers in comparison to weaker leathers, where stresses tended to be concentrated during strain. These observations contribute to our understanding of the internal strains and structural changes that take place in leather under stress.  相似文献   

Bacterial Physiological State in Wastewater: Monitoring Maintenance and Production with Leu/TdR Ratio for Less Pollution     

Melissa Wos  Peter Pollard 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(7):4507-4513

In domestic wastewater, bacterial physiology controls cell production (growth, replication) and cell maintenance, determining how energy is allocated between these two processes. The aim here was to develop a method to quantify these cellular processes so that the bacterial physiological state could be manipulated to lower this source of pollution. We simultaneously used the incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine into DNA (a measure of new cell synthesis) and leucine into protein in wastewater to quantitatively distinguish bacterial growth from maintenance processes. We found that DNA and protein syntheses were coupled in wastewater after substrate enrichment (with glucose or acetate)??balanced growth. Once the substrate was depleted, the two processes became uncoupled??unbalanced growth. In this physiological state, the bacteria were synthesising protein, but fewer bacteria were replicating. More energy was allocated to cell maintenance than replication. A mean Leu/TdR ratio of 7.4 was determined for wastewater and was similar to natural aquatic ecosystems. As the bacterial growth rate decreased, the Leu/TdR ratios increased. We show how the simultaneous measurement of [³H]Leu and [³H]TdR quantitatively distinguishes balanced from unbalanced growth. Low [³H]Leu/[³H]TdR ratios indicated bacteria were physiologically stressed, an ideal state for biological wastewater treatment processes (WWTP) as the bacteria divert more energy to maintenance activities instead of growth. Leu/TdR ratios of 70 have been recorded in natural aquatic ecosystems which suggests WWTP have potential to be manipulated to achieve much higher Leu/TdR ratios than we report here. Changes to plant operation to improve operation efficiency include finding the optimum rate of substrate (pollution supply) or alternating aerobic and anaerobic periods to maximise the Leu/TdR ratio to achieve less biomass production for land disposal and more cost-effective operation that generates less pollution in the effluent.  相似文献