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41.
Helmy M. Youssef Martin Mascher Mohammad A. Ayoub Nils Stein Benjamin Kilian Thorsten Schnurbusch 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2017,64(5):843-853
Many-grained mutants occurring spontaneously among their less well-endowed field mates may have appeared to early farmers as fortunate twists of fate foreboding wealth and abundance. In domesticated barley, the number of kernel rows in spike can be tripled by recessive mutant alleles at the Six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus that abolish the suppression of lateral spikelet fertility. In another barley row-type, so called intermedium-spike (int), lateral floret size is often intermediate between six-and two-rowed types. Phenotypic and sequence analyses of our intermedium-spike collection revealed that other genes can increase the size of florets and even stimulate occasional grain setting in lateral spikelets. Here, we show that a complete six-rowed phenotype occurs in a diverse panel of intermedium-spike barley carrying wildtype Vrs1 in the presence of the Int-c.a allele of the intermedium spike-c (int-c) gene, previously considered only as a modifier of lateral spikelet fertility. Int-c.a-type alleles had arisen before domestication and are associated with the enlargement of lateral florets in wild barley, suggesting that natural selection/evolution acts towards reduced lateral floret size. Since Int-c.a cannot overcome the suppression of lateral florets in the genomic background of wild barleys, we infer the existence of other gene loci, at which novel alleles or allelic combinations were selected for after domestication, to increase grain number of barley independently of Vrs1. 相似文献
42.
The objectives of this study were to investigate: (i) relationships between early foal health and their dams’ reproductive health at mating/conception as well as after parturition and (ii) health status during early foal life and its association with performance as an adult. The study included 35 foals showing clinical symptoms indicating septicaemia, sometimes in combination with other disturbances, within their first 18 h postpartum (Group I). Eighty‐eight foals that were healthy during their first few days of life were used as control (Group II). All foals were born in the same region of Sweden and during the same period, and were expected to become performance athletes based upon the pedigree of their parents. Cytological and bacteriological examination of uterus at the time of mating/insemination at which the foal was conceived, revealed no difference between dams of Group I and Group II foals. Within 2–3 days after parturition, 29% and 4% of dams (p < 0.001) of Group I and Group II foals had metritis, respectively. At 30 days post‐parturition, 64% of the dams of Group I foals and 32% of the dams of Group II foals (p = 0.002) had cytological indication of endometritis, and 57% of the dams of Group I foals and 21% of the dams of Group II foals (p < 0.001) showed bacterial growth upon culture. Altogether 29% of the Group I foals and 7% of the Group II foals were killed or died before 2 years of age (p = 0.001). The majority of the remaining Group I foals were poor performers and some were used just for pleasure riding. It is hypothesized that (i) mares – delivering foals that compromised within their first 18 h postpartum – might have suffered from an ascending infection during late gestation and (ii) health status during early foal life might be associated with their performance as adult. 相似文献
43.
Do?Thi?XuanEmail author Vo?Thi?Guong Anna?Rosling Sadhna?Alstr?m Benli?Chai Nils?H?gberg 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(2):217-225
Intensive cropping, especially of rice, is considered to contribute to negative effects not only on soil chemical and biological
properties but also on long-term grain yield. Appropriate crop rotation is often practiced as an alternative strategy to overcome
the negative side effects of intensive cropping. Although soil microbial diversity and community structure have been shown
to respond differently to altered agricultural management practices, little is known about possible links between crop rotation
and grain yield on bacterial communities in rice paddy soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of specific rotational
crops and compared it with intensive rice cultivation. The main crop rice (Oryza sativa) was rotated with maize (Zea mays) and mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) in different combinations in a system cultivating three crops per year. Soil bacterial communities were studied in two different
cropping periods using pyrosequencing of the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA. Our results showed that rotation with alternative
crops increased rice yield by 24–46% depending on rotation structure and that bacterial community structure was altered in
the presence of mungbean and/or maize compared to that in rice monoculture. In the crop rotation systems, composition, abundance,
and diversity of soil bacterial communities were significantly different and higher than those in rice monoculture. Our results
show that effects of crop rotation relate to changes in soil bacterial community structure suggesting that appropriate crop
rotations provide a feasible practice to maintain the equilibrium in soil microbial environment for sustainable rice cultivation. 相似文献
44.
Fredrik Andersen Olav ?ster?s Olav Reksen Nils Toft Yrjo T Gr?hn 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):5
Background
This study was carried out to determine if an association exists between the shape of the lactation curve before it is influenced by the event of conception and the time from calving to conception in Norwegian dairy cattle. Lactation curves of Norwegian Red cows during 5 to 42 days in milk (DIM) were compared between cows conceiving between 43 and 93 DIM and cows conceiving after 93 DIM.Methods
Data from 23,049 cows, represented by one lactation each, with 219,538 monthly test days were extracted from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System, which represents 97% of all Norwegian dairy cows. Besides veterinary treatments, these records also included information on daily milk yield at monthly test days. The data were stratified by parity groups (1, 2, and 3 and higher) and time to conception periods (43-93 DIM and >93 DIM). The sample was selected using the following selection criteria: conception later than 42 DIM, calving season July to September, no records of veterinary treatment and the level of energy fed as concentrates between 8.69 and 12.83 MJ. The shape of the lactation curves were parameterized using a modified Wilmink-model in a mixed model analysis. Differences in the parameters of the lactation curves with different conception times were evaluated using confidence intervals.Results
Lactation curves characterized by a low intercept and a steep ascending slope and a steep descending slope were associated with early conception across all parities. The peak milk yield was not associated with time of conception.Conclusions
A practical application of the study results is the use of the shape of the lactation curve in future herd management. Groups of cows with impaired reproductive performance may be identified due to an unfavorable shape of the lactation curve. Monitoring lactation curves and adjusting the feeding strategy to adjust yield therefore may be useful for the improvement of reproductive performance at herd level. 相似文献45.
The aim of this investigation was, through a meta-analysis, to review the published literature concerning the effect of PCV2 vaccination on the average daily weight gain (ADG) and on the mortality rate in pigs from weaning to slaughter. The review was restricted to studies investigating the effect of vaccines against PCV2 published from 2006 to 2008, identified using computerised literature databases. Only studies that met the following criteria were included: commercial vaccines were used, pigs or pens were assigned randomly to vaccination versus control groups in herds naturally infected with PCV2, and vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs were housed together. Furthermore, it was a requirement that sample size, age at vaccination, and production period were stated. The levels of ADG and mortality rate had to be comparable to those seen in modern intensive swine production. In total, 107 studies were identified; 70 were excluded because they did not fulfil the inclusion criteria and 13 were identical to results published elsewhere. A significant effect of PCV2 vaccination on ADG was found for pigs in all production phases. The largest increase in ADG was found for finishing pigs (41.5g) and nursery-finishing pigs (33.6g) with only 10.6g increase in the nursery pigs. Mortality rate was significantly reduced for finishing pigs (4.4%) and nursery-finishing pigs (5.4%), but not for nursery pigs (0.25%). Herds negative for PRRS had a significantly larger increase in ADG compared to herds positive for PRRS. The PRRS status had no effect on mortality rate. 相似文献
46.
47.
Nils Dittbrenner Hannah Schmitt Yvan Capowiez Rita Triebskorn 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(6):1000-1010
Purpose
The use of only one or a few species—representing an entire taxon—in ecotoxicological standard tests poses risk of underestimating the impact of toxicants on the environment. In earthworm ecotoxicity tests, the species Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei are commonly used, and there is evidence that these species respond relatively insensitive towards environmental pollution. With the present study, we wanted to evaluate the risk of underestimating effects of the insecticide imidacloprid in soil organisms by comparing E. fetida with two other earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris) regarding their sensitivities towards soil contaminated with this widely used insecticide. 相似文献48.
Wernecke Anna Eckert Jakob H. Forster Rolf Kurlemann Nils Odemer Richard 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2022,129(1):93-105
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Currently, more than 360 spray adjuvants are registered in Germany (September 2021). Unlike plant protection products (PPPs), adjuvants are not subjected... 相似文献
49.
Nilsson Anna L. K. Skaugen Thomas Reitan Trond L’Abée-Lund Jan Henning Gamelon Marlène Jerstad Kurt Røstad Ole Wiggo Slagsvold Tore Stenseth Nils C. Vøllestad L. Asbjørn Walseng Bjørn 《BMC ecology》2020,20(1):1-12
While nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values can reflect ecological segregation, prey choice and spatial distribution in seabirds, the interpretation of bulk stable isotope values is frequently hampered by a lack of isotopic baseline data. In this study, we used compound-specific isotope analyses of amino acids (CSIA-AA) to overcome this constraint and to study interspecific differences, seasonal and historical changes in trophic positions of five seabird species, three penguins and two petrels, from a sub-Antarctic seabird community. CSIA-AA allowed comparing trophic positions of seabirds with temperate and polar distributions. Gentoo and Magellanic penguins had the highest trophic positions during the breeding season (3.7 and 3.9), but decreased these (2.9 and 3.3) during the feed-up for moult. Intra-specific differences were also detected in Thin-billed prions, where carbon isotope values clearly separated individuals with polar and temperate distributions, both in the breeding and interbreeding periods. Thin-billed prions that foraged in polar waters had lower trophic positions (3.2) than conspecifics foraging in temperate waters (3.8). We further investigated historical changes by comparing museum samples with samples collected recently. Our pilot study suggests that Rockhopper penguins, Magellanic penguins and Thin-billed prions with temperate non-breeding distributions had retained their trophic levels over a 90–100 year period, while Gentoo penguins and Thin-billed prions with polar non-breeding distributions had decreased trophic levels compared to historical samples. In contrast, Wilson’s storm-petrels had slightly increased trophic levels compared to samples taken in 1924–1930. We applied compound-specific stable isotope analyses across a range of contexts, from intra-specific comparisons between stages of the breeding cycle to inter-specific seabird community analysis that would not have been possible using bulk stable isotope analyses alone due to differences in isotopic baselines. 相似文献
50.