An investigation of the relationships between angles and shapes of the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx     

Dyson SJ  Tranquille CA  Collins SN  Parkin TD  Murray RC 《Equine veterinary journal》2011,43(3):295-301

Reasons for performing study: There is little scientific evidence to support the premise that poor foot conformation predisposes to foot pain and lameness. Objectives: To determine relationships between external characteristics of the hoof capsule and angles of the distal phalanx; to determine variability in shape of the distal phalanx; and to investigate association between distal phalanx angles and the injury causing lameness. Materials and methods: Feet were documented photographically and radiographically. Linear and angle measurements were obtained for the hoof capsule and distal phalanx and compared statistically. Horses were categorised according to injury group, and angles and linear ratios were compared between groups. Results: There was modest correlation between hoof wall and heel angles and angles of the distal phalanx. There was variation in shape of the distal phalanx. There was no significant association between injury type and angles of the distal phalanx, although there was a trend for the angle of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanx with the horizontal to be smaller in horses with injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus or deep digital flexor tendon compared with other groups. Conclusions: There are variations in shape of the distal phalanx largely due to differences in orientation of the concave solar border and the solar border to the horizontal. Variations in shape of the distal phalanx were not accurately correlated with external characteristics of the hoof capsule. There were weak associations between injury groups and angles of the distal phalanx. Clinical relevance: Further work is required to elucidate risk factors for foot‐related lameness.  相似文献   

Carbon dioxide fluxes in corn-soybean rotation in the midwestern U.S.: Inter- and intra-annual variations, and biophysical controls     

Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez  Jerry L. HatfieldTimothy B. Parkin  Thomas J. SauerJohn H. Prueger 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2011,151(12):1831-1842

Quantifying carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for better understanding of global carbon cycling and observed changes in climate. This study examined year-round temporal variations of CO₂ fluxes in two biennial crop rotations during 4 year of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. We monitored CO₂ fluxes using eddy-covariance (EC) and soil chambers in adjacent production fields near Ames, Iowa. Under the non-limiting soil water availability conditions predominant in these fields, diel and seasonal variations of CO₂ fluxes were mostly controlled by ambient temperature and available light. Air temperature explained up to 81% of the variability of soil respiratory losses during fallow periods. In contrast, with full-developed canopies, available light was the main driver of daytime CO₂ uptake for both crops. Furthermore, a combined additive effect of both available light and temperature on enhanced CO₂ uptake was identified only for corn. Moreover, diurnal hysteresis of net CO₂ uptake with available light was also found for both crops with consistently greater CO₂ uptake in the mornings than afternoons perhaps primarily owing to delay in peak of soil respiration relative to the time of maximum plant photosynthesis. Annual cumulative CO₂ exchange was mainly determined by crop species with consistently greater net uptake for corn and near neutral exchange for soybean (−466 ± 38 and −13 ± 39 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). Concomitantly, within growing seasons, CO₂ sink periods were approximately 106 days for corn and 90 days for soybean, and peak rates of CO₂ uptake were roughly 1.7-fold higher for corn than soybean. Apparent changes in soil organic carbon estimated after accounting for grain carbon removal suggested soil carbon depletion following soybean years and neutral carbon balance for corn. Overall, results suggest changes in land use and cropping systems have a substantial impact on dynamics of CO₂ exchange.  相似文献   

Parental factors associated with screen time in pre-school children in primary-care practice: a TARGet Kids! study     

Birken CS  Maguire J  Mekky M  Manlhiot C  Beck CE  Jacobson S  Peer M  Taylor C  McCrindle BW  Parkin PC;TARGet Kids! collaboration 《Public health nutrition》2011,14(12):2134-2138

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The impact of the mandatory rest period in Fédération Equestre Internationale endurance events     

E. D. Bennet  T. D. H. Parkin 《Equine veterinary journal》2020,52(2):268-272

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The determination of flight-lane separations for the aerial application of herbicides     

C.S. Parkin  J.C. Wyatt 《Crop Protection》1982,1(3):309-321

Deposits of chemical on the target must achieve a satisfactory degree of uniformity for economic and effective weed control, especially when contact-activity chemicals are applied. Methods of measuring spray deposits include droplet-stain measurement, colorimetry and fluorimetry. Deposit data have been obtained over several years from a wide range of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, using a system designed to produce rapid results. The choice of suitable flight-lane separations, and the need to make adjustments to the spray equipment, were assessed by measuring spray deposits from a single flight line and analysing the results by either an electronic calculator or microcomputer. The analysis can establish the probable degree of unevenness for the overall spray application for various flight-lane separations and, with the additional input of dose-response characteristics, can also indicate the likely level of weed control. The economic penalties arising from the maldistribution of herbicides by the use of incorrect flight-lane separations are illustrated by an example of a residual herbicide applied to a winter cereal in the United Kingdom. The use of non-optimum flight-lane separations may cause large reductions both in crop yield and in return on the farmer's investment.  相似文献   

Effect of osteoarthritis on the repeatability of patella tendon angle measurement in dogs     

Laura M. Homer  Brbara A. J. Gomes  Megan C. Murphy  Gawain J. C. Hammond  Tim D. H. Parkin  Cameron J. A. Broome 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2019,48(2):180-185

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Risk factors for superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in Thoroughbred racehorses in hurdle starts in the UK (2001-2009)     

Reardon RJ  Boden LA  Mellor DJ  Love S  Newton JR  Stirk AJ  Parkin TD 《Equine veterinary journal》2012,44(5):564-569

Reasons for performing study: Superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendinopathy is a common injury in Thoroughbred horses racing over hurdles. Identification of risk factors may allow the introduction of measures to minimise the incidence of this injury. Objective: To identify risk factors for SDF tendinopathy in Thoroughbred horses in hurdle races in the UK. Methods: Potential risk factors for SDF tendinopathy were studied between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2009 using a retrospective cohort study design with 1031 case starts and 168,637 control starts. Potential risk factors were screened using univariable logistic regression prior to multivariable model building. Results: In the final multivariable model, 20 statistically significant risk factors were identified. Variables found to be associated with increased odds of SDF tendinopathy included: firmer going; increased horse age at first race; having had a previous SDFT injury; and racing in the summer compared to other seasons. Variables found to be associated with decreased odds included: being trained by a more successful trainer; and having raced more frequently in the preceding 9–12 months. Conclusions: This study identified multiple risk factors associated with SDF tendinopathy, some of which are difficult to explain with the current data source. Factors resulting in increased cumulative horse and tendon fatigue (increased years in racing; carrying increased weight; and racing over longer distances), firm ground, and the presence of previous tendon injury should be considered when attempting to reduce the likelihood of sustaining SDF tendinopathy. Potential relevance: The results will facilitate the development of strategies to improve the overall safety of horses in hurdle racing in the UK.  相似文献   

Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): treatments and long-term results of treatments     

Dixon PM  Parkin TD  Collins N  Hawkes C  Townsend N  Tremaine WH  Fisher G  Ealey R  Barakzai SZ 《Equine veterinary journal》2012,44(3):272-276

Reasons for performing study: There is limited objective information available on the treatment and the long‐term response to treatment of the different types of equine sinus disease. Objectives: To document the treatments and long‐term response to these treatments in 200 cases of equine sinus disease (1997–2009). Methods: The treatments of horses affected with subacute primary sinusitis (n = 52); chronic primary sinusitis (n = 37); dental sinusitis (n = 40); sinus cyst (n = 26); traumatic (n = 13); dental‐related oromaxillary fistula (n = 8); sinus neoplasia (n = 10); mycotic sinus disease (n = 7); and intrasinus progressive ethmoid haematoma (n = 7) and the long‐term response to these treatments were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Treatments evolved throughout the study and latterly were as conservative as possible, including sinoscopic lavage and standing sinusotomy, with a maxillary sinusotomy approach preferred for the mainly mature horses treated in this study. Removal of intrasinus inspissated pus, including transendoscopically (by sinusotomy and via existing sinonasal fistulae), was the main treatment for chronic primary sinusitis and sinonasal fistulation was seldom performed latterly. Attempted oral extraction of infected cheek teeth, even if unsuccessful, facilitated subsequent dental repulsion, resulting in few post operative problems. Sinus cyst removal carried an excellent prognosis. Except for cases of sinus neoplasia (only 22% cured), an excellent long‐term response to treatment (91% fully cured, 7% partially cured) was obtained for all other types of sinus disease following a median of one treatment. Conclusions: More conservative treatments, including removal of intrasinus inspissated pus by sinoscopy, pre‐existing sinonasal fistula or sinusotomy, are effective for chronic primary sinus disease. Standing sinusotomy, mainly using a small maxillary site, was suitable for most cases of sinus disease in mature horses.  相似文献   

A field evaluation of a footbathing solution for the control of digital dermatitis in cattle     

DN Logue  T Gibert  T Parkin  S Thomson  DJ Taylor 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2012,193(3):664-668

Footbathing is one of the most commonly used methods for controlling digital dermatitis (DD). A farm-based trial was undertaken using six dairy herds involving over 600 cubicle-housed Holstein-Friesian cattle. Split footbaths (length 2.2m) were used to compare the efficacy of two dips, namely, a positive control (5% copper sulphate) and a non-heavy metal-based proprietary dip. The dips were used from early January 2009 for a minimum of 103days, bathing twice a day for 3 consecutive days every week, using one footbath (three herds) or two in line (three herds). The lesions of DD on the hind feet of cattle were scored by borescope while the animals were being milked, on three occasions (at approximately days 0, 55 and 110) and then compared both directly and by calculating the change in severity from the previous examination (when possible). Data from the 408 cows that had their feet examined for lesions on all three occasions were analysed separately. A reduction in lesion score was seen for both footbath products, but feet bathed in 5% copper sulphate improved more (OR=1.6, CI: 1.14-2.32; P<0.01), and, irrespective of solution, there was a significantly greater improvement in those herds where two footbaths were used (OR=3.39, CI: 2.07-5.19; P<0.001). Lesion improvement over time also increased with lactation number (OR=1.13, CI: 1.02-1.25; P<0.05).  相似文献   

Cooking the books or simply getting the best out of the data? Assessing the nature of the relationship between variables     

Parkin TD  Brown PE  French NP  Morgan KL 《Equine veterinary journal》2005,37(3):189-191

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