德国奶牛业与环保型农场     

RalfStrassemyer 《中国牧业通讯》2005,(7):68-70

随着欧洲国家及德国的国民收入增加和生活水平提高 ,农业中养牛业的重要性也日趋上涨。当前 ,牛奶和牛肉生产是最重要的组成部分。大约有1/3的农业产值都是通过奶牛养殖、牛肉生产及饲养繁殖母牛获得的 ;其中牛奶生产最为突出。原奶是供人类消费的优质食品 ,并且十分适合生产各种各样的高质量产品 ,消费者对这些产品的接受程度和市场需求也都很大。鲜奶、乳酪、酸奶及冰淇淋就是很好的例子 ,这些产品每天都以不同的形式进入人们的日常购物筐中。对人体健康的积极方面促使了奶牛养殖业的繁荣 ,德国许多农业企业都是专营奶牛养殖。特别是土壤…  相似文献   

Evaluation of cross-reactivity of allergens by use of intradermal testing in atopic dogs     

Mueller RS  Chapman PL  Rosychuk RE  Bettenay SV  Fieseler KV 《American journal of veterinary research》2002,63(6):874-879

OBJECTIVE: To examine cross-reactivity of aeroallergens in Colorado and surrounding states by evaluating concurrent positive reactions of related and nonrelated allergens of intradermal tests in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Intradermal test results of 268 atopic dogs. PROCEDURE: A retrospective evaluation of skin test results for 268 dogs was performed. Pairs of closely related and nonrelated allergens were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of closely related allergens with demonstrated antibody cross-reactivity in humans. In group 2, allergens of the same plant group (ie, trees, grasses, or weeds) that were not closely related were paired. In group 3, allergen pairs were of different plant groups. Plant allergens were paired with dust mite allergens, animal dander, or mold spores in group 4. In the last group, allergens not derived from plants were paired. Data were evaluated twice by use of a different definition of a positive reaction. Significance of the difference between group means of log odds ratios was estimated by use of a boot-strap percentile confidence interval. RESULTS: Significant differences in the number of concurrent positive reactions were not found between related versus nonrelated grass, weed, or tree allergens. Significant differences in the number of concurrent positive reactions were found between plant allergens of different groups (ie, grasses, weeds, and trees) and plant allergens of the same groups, related or nonrelated, as well as between plant-derived and nonplant-derived allergens. Many dogs reacting to a specific allergen did not react to a closely related allergen at the same time. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence against clinically relevant cross-reactivity and suggest that allergen-specific immunotherapy should be formulated on the basis of single allergen test results.  相似文献   

Translocation and translaminar bioavailability of two neonicotinoid insecticides after foliar application to cabbage and cotton     

Buchholz A  Nauen R 《Pest management science》2002,58(1):10-16

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the leaf systemic properties and the translaminar aphicidal activity of two commercialised neonicotinoid (chloronicotinyl) insecticides. For that purpose [14C]imidacloprid was subjected to uptake and translocation studies in cabbage and cotton after foliar application. Foliar penetration and short-term translocation patterns of imidacloprid were similar in both plant species. Nevertheless imidacloprid penetrated twice as much into cabbage leaves as it did into cotton leaves. It showed a comparable translaminar behaviour and was entirely translocated acropetally, indicating its well-known xylem mobility. The translaminar and acropetal movement of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were quantified by simple laboratory bioassays using the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), as typical homopteran pests for cabbage and cotton, respectively. A single dose (7.5 micrograms AI per leaf) applied to the upper leaf surface of cabbage and cotton was tested against aphids feeding on the lower leaf surface both close to and distant from the site of application 1, 5 and 12 days after treatment. The translaminar residual activity of imidacloprid on cabbage leaves was superior to that of acetamiprid, whereas its translaminar efficacy against A gossypii on cotton was inferior to that of acetamiprid. However, oral ingestion bioassays using an artificial double membrane feeding system revealed no significant differences in intrinsic activity between the two neonicotinoids tested.  相似文献   

Nitrous oxide emissions from grass–clover swards as influenced by sward age and biological nitrogen fixation     

Thorsten Reinsch  Carsten Malisch  Ralf Loges  Friedhelm Taube 《Grass and Forage Science》2020,75(4):372-384

Grassland renovation by cultivation and reseeding has been shown to increase short-term emissions of N₂O, but there is uncertainty about long-term effects, despite the potential impacts of reseeding on sward composition and soil functions. A field experiment was therefore carried out to determine how N₂O emissions from previously renovated grasslands varied in the intermediate to long-term, compared with an undisturbed permanent grassland (PG). Plots on the PG site were renovated, either two (G2) or five (G5) years prior to the two experimental years. In each sward age and experimental year, annual N₂O-measurements were conducted on a weekly basis and compared with the undisturbed PG. Plots were either unfertilized or were fertilized with slurry (240 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). On average, annual N₂O emissions were 0.39 kg N/ha for the unfertilized swards, and 0.91 kg N/ha for slurry-fertilized swards. Sward age had no effect on N₂O emissions. With increasing sward age the proportion of legumes in the sward was reduced, but a minimum biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of 88 kg N/ha was maintained even in the fertilized PG. Both sward age and BNF were of limited importance for the annual N₂O emissions compared with the effects of soil carbon content and nitrogen surplus levels. However, measured N₂O emissions were low in all sward age treatments, with a low risk of additional N₂O emissions when BNF is taken into account in fertilizer planning.  相似文献   

Evaluating fisheries systems: A comprehensive analytical framework and its application to the EU's Common Fisheries Policy     

Tobias Belschner  Johanna Ferretti  Harry v. Strehlow  Sarah B. M. Kraak  Ralf Dring  Gerd Kraus  Alexander Kempf  Christopher Zimmermann 《Fish and Fisheries》2019,20(1):97-109

Despite regular reforms, problems under the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) persist. In order to identify priorities for future reforms of the policy, we developed an analytical framework consisting of 17 criteria and specifying indicators, derived from scientific, wider fisheries, and common resources literature. We applied the framework to the CFP governance system, its regulations, institutions, and processes at EU as well as member state level. The results show that the CFP does not fully meet any of the 17 criteria for an effective resource policy. Its performance was assessed as “neutral” regarding 10 criteria and “negative” regarding seven criteria. Trend analysis shows that there is a slightly positive trend regarding the CFP's performance, with five criteria trending positively, 11 showing a neutral trend and only one criterion trending negatively (simplicity of rules). The analysis identified five criteria which are performing badly and have not improved over time: simplicity of rules, user‐pays principle, resource efficiency, accountability, and compliance mechanisms. Future reforms of the CFP should first and foremost address these criteria while continuing efforts to improve the CFP's performance regarding other criteria. The evaluation of the CFP demonstrates the applicability of the analytical framework which can also be applied to other multilevel fisheries governance systems. Moreover, the results can inform reforms of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations. Like the CFP, these institutions manage transboundary fisheries and have not effectively addressed the issues of resource rent capture and resource efficiency.  相似文献   

Overexpression of an alternative allele of carboxyl/choline esterase 4 (CCE04) of Tetranychus urticae is associated with high levels of resistance to the keto‐enol acaricide spirodiclofen     

Peng Wei  Peter Demaeght  Kristof De Schutter  Linda Grigoraki  Vassiliki Labropoulou  Maria Riga  John Vontas  Ralf Nauen  Wannes Dermauw  Thomas Van Leeuwen 《Pest management science》2020,76(3):1142-1153

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Metabolic phenotyping of mouse mutants in the German Mouse Clinic     

Ralf ELVERT  Nicole EHRHARDT  Martin TAUBE  Martin KLINGENSPOR  Valerie GAILUS‐DURNER  Helmut FUCHS  Martin Hrabe DE ANGELIS  Veronique BLANQUET  Gerhard HELDMAER 《Integrative zoology》2006,1(3):122-125

The German Mouse Clinic was established as a phenotyping center to provide the scientific community with systematic standardized phenotyping of mouse models from various genetic backgrounds. We found metabolic phenotypes in nine out of 20 mutant lines screened in a primary screen. Based on these findings, the mutants were analyzed in secondary and tertiary screens. Mice of a sample mutant line, isolated from the ENU‐screen at the National Research Center for Environment and Health in Munich, were found to have lower body weight, consume less food, but have higher ratios of metabolized energy per unit body weight compared with their wild‐type littermates. Basal metabolic rate and heat production were simultaneously increased by 16–18%, whereas body fat content was reduced by 11–16%. The combination of various parameters of energy consumption, expenditure and energy storage illustrate the metabolic demands of the sample mutant mouse line and demonstrate the utility of the powerful phenotyping tool used at the German Mouse Clinic.  相似文献   

Treatment protocols for demodicosis: an evidence-based review   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

Mueller RS 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(2):75-89

Publications discussing the treatment of demodicosis in the dog and cat are reviewed. Based on the evidence in the literature, amitraz rinses at 0.025-0.06% every 7-14 days, and oral daily ivermectin at 300 micro g kg(-1), milbemycin at 2 mg kg(-1) and moxidectin at 400 micro g kg(-1), respectively, can all be recommended for the treatment of generalized canine demodicosis. Ivermectin and moxidectin should be initiated at lower doses and patients monitored for possible adverse effects during therapy. In cats, 2% lime sulfur dips and amitraz rinses at 0.0125-0.025% have been used successfully.  相似文献   

Diagnosis of canine claw disease – a prospective study of 24 dogs     

Ralf S. Mueller  Sue Friend  Michael A. Shipstone  & Greg Burton 《Veterinary dermatology》2000,11(2):133-141

The aetiology of claw disease in 24 dogs exhibiting only claw disease was investigated with cytologic examination of claw exudate, complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry panel, urinalysis, total thyroxine (tT4) concentration, antinuclear antibody (ANA) titre, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, fungal culture, histopathology of claw biopsy samples and elimination diet. Abnormalities on the CBC, serum biochemistry panel and urinalysis were minor and nonspecific. Total T4 concentrations were within the normal laboratory reference range. Fungal cultures and ANA titres were negative in all dogs. A bacterial infection was present in approximately half of the dogs. On histological examination of claw tissue, a cell-poor or cell-rich interface onychitis was seen in all but one dog. Evidence for an adverse reaction to food was present in four dogs. One dog responded completely to antibiotic therapy. Interface onychitis seems to be a histological reaction pattern of the claw matrix in the dog with various possible underlying aetiologies. In dogs with claw disease as the only clinical sign, the recommended initial diagnostic evaluation includes cytologic examination, bacterial culture and sensitivity, claw biopsy and an elimination diet.  相似文献   

DNA microarray-based detection of Coxiella burnetii,the causative agent of Q fever     

Gernot Schmoock  Ralf Ehricht  Lisa D Sprague 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1):27

Background

An easy-to-handle microarray assay based on the cost-effective ArrayTube™ platform has been designed for the rapid and unequivocal identification of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever. The gene targets include the chromosomally coded markers icd, omp/com1, and IS1111 as well as the plasmid coded markers cbbE and cbhE.

Results

A representative panel comprising 50 German C. burnetii isolates and 10 clinical samples was examined to validate the test. All tested isolates harboured plasmid QpH1 and were correctly identified, corresponding to 100% sensitivity. The assay’s limit of detection was 100 genome equivalents (GE) for icd, omp/com1, cbbE and cbhE and 10 GE for IS1111. Assay specificity was 100% as determined by analysing a panel of 37 non-Coxiella strains.

Conclusions

The present array is a rational assembly of established and evaluated targets for the rapid and unequivocal detection of C. burnetii. This array could be applied to the screening of vaginal swabs from small ruminants; screening of environmental samples e.g. on farms or screening of human samples.  相似文献