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991.
Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts: A review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper reviews the scientific literature on the topic of fungal disease suppression by applications of inorganic salts as alternatives to synthetic fungicides on a global scale for both protected and field crops. Where data were available, the comparative efficacy of inorganic salts with conventional fungicide products is discussed. In total, published evidence was found for 34 inorganic salts (mainly bicarbonates, phosphates, silicates, chlorides and phosphites) that were able to reduce the severity of 49 fungal diseases (of the foliage, stem, fruit, tuber, root and post-harvest) in 35 plant species (vegetables, cereals, fruit crops, root/tuber crops, ornamentals and native plants). The most studied and best controlled disease with inorganic salts was powdery mildew of cucurbits [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollacci 1913 or Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 1805; up to 99% efficacy], wheat [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer 1975 (f. sp. tritici)] and grapes [Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill 1892]. The next best evidence for disease control was for wheat septoria blotch (Septoria tritici Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1874), rice blast [Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr 1977], potato late blight [Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary 1876] and several other Phytophthora spp. The published evidence suggests that these 34 inorganic salts are generally less effective than conventional fungicides and could not fully replace them. However, their integration in a disease management strategy may enable a reduction in the number of conventional fungicide applications required. The potential for the inclusion of inorganic salts in fungal disease management programmes merits further investigation and greater regulatory innovation in the near future. 相似文献
992.
Topramezone is a new herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf and grass weeds in maize. Two field experiments were conducted in northern Greece in 2008 and 2009 to determine the response of grain maize to topramezone applied with the adjuvant DASH at 2–4, 4–6 and 6–8 maize leaf stage. In both years, plant height, cob number and yield were not differently affected with the use of herbicide at these growth stages, indicating no difference in selectivity and a similar response of maize to the three post-emergence applications of topramezone. Slight injury symptoms of leaf bleaching were observed in the second year, however, they were transient with no lasting injury on maize growth. 相似文献
993.
Jahangir Khajehali Thomas Van Leeuwen Maria Grispou Evangelia Morou Haoués Alout Mylène Weill Luc Tirry John Vontas Anastasia Tsagkarakou 《Pest management science》2010,66(2):220-228
BACKROUND: In Tetranychus urticae Koch, acetylcholinesterase insensitivity is often involved in organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CARB) resistance. By combining toxicological, biochemical and molecular data from three reference laboratory and three OP selected strains (OP strains), the AChE1 mutations associated with resistance in T. urticae were characterised. RESULTS: The resistance ratios of the OP strains varied from 9 to 43 for pirimiphos‐methyl, from 78 to 586 for chlorpyrifos, from 8 to 333 for methomyl and from 137 to 4164 for dimethoate. The insecticide concentration needed to inhibit 50% of the AChE1 activity was, in the OP strains, at least 2.7, 55, 58 and 31 times higher for the OP pirimiphos‐methyl, chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon and omethoate respectively, and 87 times higher for the CARB carbaryl. By comparing the AChE1 sequence, four amino acid substitutions were detected in the OP strains: (1) F331W (Torpedo numbering) in all the three OP strains; (2) T280A found in the three OP strains but not in all clones; (3) G328A, found in two OP strains; (4) A201S found in only one OP strain. CONCLUSIONS: Four AChE1 mutations were found in resistant strains of T. urticae, and three of them, F331W, G328A and A201S, are possibly involved in resistance to OP and CARB insecticides. Among them, F331W is probably the most important and the most common in T. urticae. It can be easily detected by the diagnostic PCR‐RLFP assay developed in this study. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
994.
Productivity of temperate broad-leaved forest stands differing in tree species diversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
995.
Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies,differences, and the role of flexibility 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Various approaches have been developed to achieve sustainability in forestry, under changing social needs and, consequently,
changing definitions of sustainability. This has led to the confusing situation in which various groups have different understandings
of the meaning of ‘sustainability’. Likewise, the concepts utilized to achieve sustainability, often with a poorly defined
objective, are sometimes not clear and/or inconsistent as a systematic overview regarding definitions and concepts is lacking.
Based on a literature review, this paper discusses related terms such as sustainability, sustained yield management, sustainable
forestry, sustainable forest management and sustainable development: their history, concepts and relationships, from a European
perspective. Finally, flexibility is proposed as a solution to overcome the identified shortcomings at all scales, while focussing
on the enterprise level. The origin of the sustainability concept in forestry was first driven by forest experts, while participatory
elements have been considered since the more recent idea of sustainable development. Since then, much effort has been made
to achieve intragenerational fairness by creating an improved participatory process. Concurrently, the original idea of sustainable
forestry as long-term and future-oriented management, considering future generations’ needs fell behind. An increasing standing
timber volume in Europe and the discussion on climate change brought new interest in how to cope with risks in the context
of pervasive future uncertainties within the scope of promoting sustainable development. Although the consideration of risk
has been concentrated on as a topic in forest science in recent years, studies have mainly focused on the enhancement of forest
resistance against disturbances. However, precaution and risk avoidance alone are probably insufficient to achieve an improved
sustainable development that focuses on intergenerational fairness, as these more defensive approaches may disregard important
management opportunities involved with an uncertain future. A perhaps more promising approach, the idea of future options
and the ability to respond to changing social and biophysical circumstances (i.e. flexibility) as criteria for sustainable
development have only shown a shadowy existence up to now. To further develop the consistency of sustainability concepts,
a shift of sustainability approaches from continuity towards flexibility options is proposed. 相似文献
996.
997.
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999.
Calderón EN Thomas K Morales-Erasto V Salgado-Miranda C Soriano-Vargas E 《Avian diseases》2010,54(3):1095-1097
The isolation and identification of Avibacterium paragallinarum serovar B-1 from severe infectious coryza outbreaks in broiler breeders in Panama is reported for the first time. Infectious coryza was absent for over a decade in the breeder farms area. Disease outbreaks were characterized by an up to 45% drop in egg production and increased mortality. Use of a commercial trivalent bacterin and a strengthened biosecurity program prevented outbreaks in susceptible flocks in the farm. 相似文献
1000.
Schirawski J Mannhaupt G Münch K Brefort T Schipper K Doehlemann G Di Stasio M Rössel N Mendoza-Mendoza A Pester D Müller O Winterberg B Meyer E Ghareeb H Wollenberg T Münsterkötter M Wong P Walter M Stukenbrock E Güldener U Kahmann R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6010):1546-1548
Biotrophic pathogens, such as the related maize pathogenic fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum, establish an intimate relationship with their hosts by secreting protein effectors. Because secreted effectors interacting with plant proteins should rapidly evolve, we identified variable genomic regions by sequencing the genome of S. reilianum and comparing it with the U. maydis genome. We detected 43 regions of low sequence conservation in otherwise well-conserved syntenic genomes. These regions primarily encode secreted effectors and include previously identified virulence clusters. By deletion analysis in U. maydis, we demonstrate a role in virulence for four previously unknown diversity regions. This highlights the power of comparative genomics of closely related species for identification of virulence determinants. 相似文献