Land-use history has a stronger impact on soil microbial community composition than aboveground vegetation and soil properties     

Kamlesh Jangid  Mark A. Williams  Thomas M. Schmidt  William B. Whitman 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(10):2184-2193

The response of soil microbial communities following changes in land-use is governed by multiple factors. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) whether soil microbial communities track the changes in aboveground vegetation during succession; and (ii) whether microbial communities return to their native state over time. Two successional gradients with different vegetation were studied at the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan. The first gradient comprised a conventionally tilled cropland (CT), mid-succession forest (SF) abandoned from cultivation prior to 1951, and native deciduous forest (DF). The second gradient comprised the CT cropland, early-succession grassland (ES) restored in 1989, and long-term mowed grassland (MG). With succession, the total microbial PLFAs and soil microbial biomass C consistently increased in both gradients. While bacterial rRNA gene diversity remained unchanged, the abundance and composition of many bacterial phyla changed significantly. Moreover, microbial communities in the relatively pristine DF and MG soils were very similar despite major differences in soil properties and vegetation. After >50 years of succession, and despite different vegetation, microbial communities in SF were more similar to those in mature DF than in CT. In contrast, even after 17 years of succession, microbial communities in ES were more similar to CT than endpoint MG despite very different vegetation between CT and ES. This result suggested a lasting impact of cultivation history on the soil microbial community. With conversion of deciduous to conifer forest (CF), there was a significant change in multiple soil properties that correlated with changes in microbial biomass, rRNA gene diversity and community composition. In conclusion, history of land-use was a stronger determinant of the composition of microbial communities than vegetation and soil properties. Further, microbial communities in disturbed soils apparently return to their native state with time.  相似文献   

Regulation of gene expression by a metabolic enzyme     

Hall DA  Zhu H  Zhu X  Royce T  Gerstein M  Snyder M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5695):482-484

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Concept and feasibility study for the integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring data in forests     

Sabine Augustin  Jan Evers  Hans-Peter Dietrich  Johannes Eichhorn  Thomas Haussmann  Regina Icke  Ansgar Isenberg  Wolfgang Lux  Monica Musio  Hans Pretzsch  Winfried Riek  Thomas Rötzer  Bernd Schultze  Andreas Schulze  Jörg Schröder  Walter Seidling  Nicole Wellbrock  Klaus von Wilpert  Barbara Wolff 《European Journal of Forest Research》2005,124(4):251-260

In the 1970s unexpected forest damages, called “new type of forest damage” or “forest decline”, were observed in Germany and other European countries. The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Federal States implemented a forest monitoring system in the early 1980s, in order to monitor and assess the forest condition. Due to the growing public awareness of possible adverse effects of air pollution on forests, in 1985 the ICP Forests was launched under the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution (CLRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE). The German experience in forest monitoring was a base for the implementation of the European monitoring system. In 2001 the interdisciplinary case study “concept and feasibility study for the integrated evaluation of environmental monitoring data in forests”, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, concentrated on in-depths evaluations of the German data of forest monitoring. The objectives of the study were: (a) a reliable assessment of the vitality and functioning of forest ecosystems, (b) the identification and quantification of factors influencing forest vitality, and (c) the clarification of cause-effect-relationships leading to leaf/needle loss. For these purposes additional data from external sources were acquired: climate and deposition, for selected level I plots tree growth data, as well as data on groundwater quality. The results show that in particular time series analysis (crown condition, tree growth, and tree ring analysis), in combination with climate and deposition are valuable and informative, as well as integrated evaluation of soil, tree nutrition and crown condition data. Methods to combine information from the extensive and the intensive monitoring, and to transfer process information to the large scale should be elaborated in future.

Sabine AugustinEmail:

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Effects of N, NP, and NPKS fertilizers applied to four-year old hybrid poplar plantations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. van den Driessche  Barbara R. Thomas  David P. Kamelchuk 《New Forests》2008,35(3):221-233

Mineral fertilizers were applied to adjacent plantations of 2, 4-year old, hybrid poplars: clone 27 (Northwest, P. deltoides × P. balsamifera) and 794 (Brooks, P. deltoides × P. × petrowskyana), in north eastern Alberta. Fertilization was done in May 2003 to see whether growth rates could be increased and rotations shortened. Three fertilizers (N, NP and NPKS + Cu + Zn) were applied at each of three rates (supplying N at 0, 100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) in a factorial randomized block design to the two separate plantations. Fertilization with 200 kg ha⁻¹ N and 100 kg ha⁻¹ P increased volume growth of clone 27 by 1 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 2 years. Clone 794 showed no volume response to fertilization, but produced 8.7 m³ ha⁻¹ more than clone 27. Leaf area, dry mass and nutrient concentrations of both clones increased in the first year after fertilization, showing that fertilizer uptake occurred. Decrease in leaf size between 2003 and 2004 was affected by fertilizer level in clone 794. There were differences between some nutrient concentrations in the soils occupied by the two clones, and clone 794 had higher leaf concentrations of N, K, Ca, S, Mn, Zn, B and Mo than clone 27. Fertilization of 4-year old plantations of either clone was unwarranted, and planting clone 794 would be likely to provide greater yield than planting and fertilizing clone 27.  相似文献   

Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology – Journal Prize 2019     

Brian Thomas  Geoffrey R. Dixon  Ms Jennifer Stokes 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2019,94(5)

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Eco‐efficiency as a strategy for optimizing the sustainability of pest management     

Roger D Magarey  Sarah SH Klammer  Thomas M Chappell  Christina M Trexler  Godshen R Pallipparambil  Ernie F Hain 《Pest management science》2019,75(12):3129-3134

Agricultural industrialization and the subsequent reliance on pesticides has resulted in numerous unintended consequences, such as impacts upon the environment and by extension human health. Eco‐efficiency is a strategy for sustainably increasing production, while simultaneously decreasing these externalities on ecological systems. Eco‐efficiency is defined as the ratio of production to environmental impacts. It has been widely adopted to improve chemical production, but we investigate the challenges of applying eco‐efficiency to pesticide use. Eco‐efficiency strategies include technological innovation, investment in research and development, improvement of business processes, and accounting for market forces. These components are often part of integrated pest management (IPM) systems that include alternatives to pesticides, but its implementation is often thwarted by commercial realities and technical challenges. We propose the creation and adoption of an eco‐efficiency index for pesticide use so that the broad benefits of eco‐efficient strategies such as IPM can be more readily quantified. We propose an index based upon the ratio of crop yield to a risk quotient (RQ) calculated from pesticide toxicity. Eco‐efficiency is an operational basis for optimizing pest management for sustainability. It naturally favors adoption of IPM and should be considered by regulators, researchers, and practitioners involved in pest management. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

First transgenic trait for control of plant bugs and thrips in cotton     

Waseem Akbar  Anilkumar Gowda  Jeffrey E Ahrens  Jason W Stelzer  Robert S Brown  Scott L Bollman  John T Greenplate  Jeffrey Gore  Angus L Catchot  Gus Lorenz  Scott D Stewart  David L Kerns  Jeremy K Greene  Michael D Toews  David A Herbert  Dominic D Reisig  Gregory A Sword  Peter C Ellsworth  Larry D Godfrey  Thomas L Clark 《Pest management science》2019,75(3):867-877

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Comparison of mitochondrial gene expression and polysome loading in different tobacco tissues     

Muhammad Waqar Hameed  Ilona Juszczak  Ralph Bock  Joost Thomas van Dongen 《Plant methods》2017,13(1):112

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Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands     

Corné Kempenaar  Thomas Been  Johan Booij  Frits van Evert  Jean-Marie Michielsen  Corné Kocks 《Potato Research》2017,60(3-4):295-305

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.  相似文献   

A multi-method approach to delineate and validate migratory corridors     

Monica L. Bond  Curtis M. Bradley  Christian Kiffner  Thomas A. Morrison  Derek E. Lee 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(8):1705-1721

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