Interleukin 11 expression in the normal canine eye     

Tara R. Richards  Jessica H. H. Mortlock  Chantale L. Pinard  Nick C. Whelan  Tamas Revay  Jonathan LaMarre 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2014,17(1):46-56

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A cross-sectional pilot study to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for leptospirosis in South-Western Victorian dairy herds, 2017     

E Erregger  MA Stevenson  DS Beggs  S Oswin  SP Jagoe  PD Mansell  MF Pyman 《Australian veterinary journal》2020,98(9):417-423

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis, found worldwide, affecting many species of animals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of Leptospira borgpetersenii sv Hardjo and Leptospira interrogans sv Pomona in cattle in dairy herds in South-Western Victoria, Australia. Fifty-three herds were enrolled in the study. Urine samples were collected from 15 late-lactation cows in each herd. A questionnaire was provided to herd managers at the time of each herd visit, asking them to describe the methods they used for controlling leptospirosis, including vaccination. Urine samples were pooled at the herd level and tested for leptospira spp. using real time PCR. Urine samples from individual cows within the positive pooled samples were then tested for Leptospira Hardjo and Leptospira Pomona using qPCR. Four of the 53 herds showed positive leptospirosis results giving an apparent prevalence of 8 (95% CI 2–18) leptospira-positive herds per 100 herds at risk. Based on the 53 completed questionnaires, leptospirosis vaccination programs were not compliant with label directions in 36 of the 52 vaccinated herds: 69 (95% CI 55–81) of 100 herd managers that routinely vaccinated for leptospirosis did not comply with label directions. One herd was completely unvaccinated. Based on our findings, we estimate that approximately 10% of dairy farms in South-Western Victoria are likely to be infected with leptospirosis. While most herds are vaccinating for leptospirosis, most are not doing so according to label directions. We conclude that herd managers need to be better educated regarding leptospirosis vaccination programs.  相似文献   

Daily chemical variability of domestic septic tank effluent     

B. R. Whelan  Z. V. Titamnis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1982,17(2):131-139

Effluent from the septic tanks of five households was sampled daily for 15 days. Temperature, redox potential, conductivity and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) were measured and samples were analyzed for N, P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mg, and linear alkylate sulphonate (LAS). Samples from the five households differed in the values obtained but the differences were small. Little daily variation occurred in the effluent from any one household. The effluent was in a reduced and anaerobic condition with almost all the N and P occurring in the inorganic form in solution. The effluent concentration N was about 100 mg l^?1 and P concentration about 15 mg l^?1. The mean annual N and P loading in the effluent over the five households was 3.8 kg N/head yr and 0.6 kg P/head · yr. Copper and Zn were the only trace metals of any significance and their concentrations were less than in tap water. The chemical composition of the effluent was very similar to that found in New Zealand, Canada, and U.S.A.  相似文献   

Reproductive success and pollinator effectiveness differ in common and rare Persoonia species (Proteaceae)     

Paul D. Rymer  Robert J. Whelan  Peter H. Weston 《Biological conservation》2005,123(4):521-532

In plants, understanding the interactions between breeding systems and pollination ecology may enable us to predict the impacts of rarity. We used a comparative approach to test whether rarity is associated with reproductive biology in two closely-related species pairs. This system has been recently altered by changes in fire regimes and the introduction of European honeybees. More than 35% of flowers matured fruits in the common species after natural-pollination compared to <20% of flowers in the rare species. All species were obligate outcrossers in each of the study populations, but only the two rare species were pollen-limited, having significantly lower fruit-set on open-pollinated flowers than those cross-pollinated by hand (mean ± SE; 0.18 ± 0.02 vs. 0.42 ± 0.05; p < 0.001). Native bees (Leioproctus species) and introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera) visited all species. The native bees visited fewer flowers within a plant and moved greater distances between plants while foraging than honeybees, so the native bees are expected to be more effective in promoting outcrossing. While honeybees were the most frequent visitors to flowers of all species, native bees made more visits to common than rare species (0.65 ± 0.20 vs. 0.20 ± 0.09). Our results suggest that the poorer reproductive success in rare Persoonia species is associated with lower pollinator effectiveness, which is exacerbated by frequent fires and introduced honeybees. If this is a causal relationship, this may increase the probability of extinction in populations of these species.  相似文献   

Bovine ephemeral fever     

MF UREN 《Australian veterinary journal》1989,66(8):233-236

Ephemeral fever remains a viral disease of considerable importance to many countries including Australia. The virus has been only partly characterised and still awaits final classification. Although BEF virus was first thought to contain 6 structural proteins there is increasing evidence to suggest that it contains the 5 proteins characteristic of the Rhabdoviridae. Although BEF is thought to be arthropod borne, the vector has yet to be identified but it is clear from the distribution of BEF that more than one vector is capable of transmitting the disease. Despite rigorous investigation of the clinical signs and the pathology of ephemeral fever, little progress has been made on the pathogenesis of the disease. This has been partly due to the difficulty of propagating BEF virus in vitro and the inability to define the site of replication. However, there is mounting evidence to suggest that BEF is immunopathologic in nature and that the clinical expression of the disease is influenced by the release of one or more mediators of inflammation. The disease is characterised by a number of haematological and biochemical changes and early and prolonged treatment with phenylbutazone is capable of reversing a number of these changes. The intravenous administration of calcium can now be considered a justifiable addition to the treatment regimen together with prolonged phenylbutazone therapy. The vaccines currently available are prepared from either live attenuated or killed virus and may be less than reliable. There appears to be a need for a reliable, inexpensive, cold-chain independent alternative vaccine.  相似文献   

Influence of compost amendments on the hydraulic functioning of brownfield soils     

A. Whelan  C. Kechavarzi  F. Coulon  R. Sakrabani  R. Lord 《Soil Use and Management》2013,29(2):260-270

This study assessed the impact of compost on the hydraulic properties of three soils (sandy loam, clay loam and diesel‐contaminated sandy loam) with relatively poor physical quality typical of brownfield sites. Soils were amended with two composts at 750 t/ha. Samples were also collected from a clay‐capped brownfield site, previously amended with 250, 500 or 750 t/ha of compost. Water‐release characteristics and saturated hydraulic conductivity were determined for all soils and physical quality indicators derived. Unsaturated flow in field profiles after compost application with two depths of incorporation and two indigenous subsoils was simulated using Hydrus‐1D. Compost generally increased water retention. Hydraulic conductivity tended to decrease following compost application in sandy loam but increased in clay and clay loam, where compost addition resulted in a larger dominant pore size. Although compost improved physical quality indicators, they remained suboptimum in clay and clay loam soil, which exhibited poor aeration, and in the contaminated sandy loam, where available water capacity was limited, possibly due to changes in wettability. Increasing application rates in the field enhanced water retention at low potentials and hydraulic conductivity near saturation but did not alter physical quality indicators. Numerical simulation indicated that the 500 t/ha application resulted in the best soil moisture regime. Increasing the depth of incorporation in the clay cap improved drainage and reduced waterlogging, but incorporation in more permeable subsoil resulted in prolonged dry conditions to greater depths.  相似文献   

Isolation of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus from muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Mitchill), in Lake St Clair, Michigan, USA reveals a new sublineage of the North American genotype     

Elsayed E  Faisal M  Thomas M  Whelan G  Batts W  Winton J 《Journal of fish diseases》2006,29(10):611-619

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Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats     

NC Whelan  F Castillo-Alcala  I Lizarraga 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):328-331

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.  相似文献   

An integrated framework for software to provide yield data cleaning and estimation of an opportunity index for site-specific crop management     

Wei Sun  Brett Whelan  Alex B. McBratney  Budiman Minasny 《Precision Agriculture》2013,14(4):376-391

This paper proposes an integrated framework for software that provides yield data cleaning and yield opportunity index (Y _i ) calculation for site-specific crop management (SSCM). The artifacts in many yield data sets, which inevitably occur, can pose a significant effect on the validity of Yi. Automated and standardised yield correction procedures were designed to improve the data quality by removing: (1) unreasonable outliers; (2) distribution outliers (globally and locally); and (3) position errors. The calculation of Yi uses two aspects of crop yield assessment, the magnitude of yield variation and the spatial structure of the variation. The cleaning algorithms were applied to four yield data sets with known integrity issues to demonstrate effectiveness. Approximately 13–20 % of the original yield data were removed, and this resulted in an increased mean yield of 0.13 t/ha (average). The semivariograms of cleaned data were shown to possess smaller nugget values compared with the original data. The opportunity index calculation algorithm was demonstrated on a field with nine seasons of yield data. The results demonstrated that using a ranking of Yi provides a rational, agronomic assessment of the opportunity for SSCM based on the quantity and pattern of production variability displayed in yield data sets. This provides farm managers with a rapid way to assess whether the observed variability deserves further investigation and eventual investment in SSCM operations.  相似文献   

Factor VIII inhibitors complicating treatment of postoperative bleeding in a dog with hemophilia A     

Benjamin M. O'Kelley  DVM    Megan F. Whelan  DVM  DACVECC    Marjory B. Brooks  DVM  DACVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2009,19(4):381-385

Objective – To describe the clinical course of a dog with hemophilia A and circulating factor VIII inhibitors complicating the treatment of postoperative hemorrhage.
Case Summary – A 7-year-old castrated male Japanese Chin with hemophilia A, weighing 6 kg, was presented for dental cleaning, polishing, and extractions. Despite presurgical administration of cryoprecipitate, continuous oral bleeding occurred. Circulating factor VIII inhibitors were detected, and the postoperative hemorrhage was subsequently managed with extensive and prolonged blood component transfusion. The dog was discharged after a full clinical recovery.
New or Unique Information Provided – This case report describes the clinical consequences and successful treatment of postoperative hemorrhage in a dog with hemophilia A and circulating factor VIII inhibitors. A relevant discussion of the management of human patients with circulating factor VIII inhibitors is included.  相似文献